Abstract: A heterogeneous processing system for federated learning and privacy-preserving computation, including: a serial subsystem configured for distributing processing tasks and configuration information of processing tasks, the processing task indicating performing an operation corresponding to computing mode on one or more operands; and a parallel subsystem configured for, based on the configuration information, selectively obtaining at least one operand of the one or more operands from an intermediate result section on the parallel subsystem while obtaining remaining operand(s) of the one or more operands with respect to the at least one operand from the serial subsystem, and performing the operation on the operands obtained based on the configuration information.

Abstract: A Paillier decryption system, IC, and method. The IC includes: a modular exponentiation module, for performing modular exponentiation operations related to a first subitem and a second subitem, where a Paillier decryption process of encrypted data is divided into a first subitem and a second subitem according to the Chinese remainder theorem, the first subitem corresponding to a first prime, the second subitem corresponding to a second prime, a public key of the encrypted data being a product of the first prime and the second prime, a bit width of the first prime being the same as a bit width of the second prime; a first module combination corresponding to the first subitem, for determining a computation result of the first subitem; and a second module combination corresponding to the second subitem, for determining a computation result of the second subitem.