Abstract: A downhole rock debris extraction system is provided. The downhole rock debris extraction system includes a downhole marking component, a ground control component and a ground detection and extraction component. The downhole marking component is arranged at a drill bit for underground excavation or near the drill bit, and is configured to mark rock debris by spraying different types of markers in real time during the underground excavation performed by the drill bit; the ground detection and extraction component is configured to detect the types of the markers on the rock debris; and the ground control component is configured to manage and control the downhole marking component to mark the rock debris, and to manage and control the ground detection and extraction component to determine the types of the markers on the rock debris. Furthermore, a control method for the downhole rock debris extraction system is provided.