Abstract: The invention relates to the reinforcement of materials by the dispersal of structures in the material to be reinforced. In particular the invention relates to the reinforcement of materials and involves the random dispersal of independent three-dimensional structures in the material, these structures may be a mixture of left and right handed structures and/or comprise a series of lumen to anchor them into the material and/or be selected from a subset of possible three dimensional structures based on the number of apices and connections between these.