Abstract: A monolithic break-seal includes a membrane that separates an outer ring from an inner ring. The inner ring is bonded to a vacuum cell and the outer ring is bonded to a vacuum interface. To protect against unintentional breakage of the membrane, a surface of the outer ring not bonded to the vacuum interface contacts the vacuum cell. An external vacuum system evacuates the vacuum cell through an aperture of the break-seal. Once a target vacuum level is reached for the vacuum cell, a cap is bonded to the inner ring, blocking the aperture and hermetically sealing the vacuum cell. The membrane is broken so that the hermetically sealed vacuum cell can be separated from the vacuum interface to which the outer ring remains bonded.

Abstract: Compiling a program specification that comprises at least one quantum circuit associated with both a set of quantum operations and a first schedule for the set of quantum operations includes assigning each quantum operation in the set to a first passed set, a first caught set, or a first blocked set. The first blocked set includes a first quantum operation that addresses one or more qubits that are addressed by at least one quantum operation in the first caught set. A first passed set ordering is determined. A first caught set ordering is determined. Determining a second schedule for the set of quantum operations includes assigning the quantum operations in the first caught set to be performed after the quantum operations in the first passed set, and assigning the quantum operations in the first blocked set to be performed after the quantum operations in the first caught set.

Abstract: A BEC-station and a cloud-based server cooperate to provide Bose-Einstein condensates as a service (BECaaS). The BEC station serves as a system for implementing “recipes” for producing, manipulating, and/or using cold (<1 mK) a BEC, e.g., of cold Rubidium 87 atoms. The cloud-based server acts as an interface between the station (or stations) and authorized users of account holders. To this end the server hosts an account manager and a session manager. The account manager manages accounts and associated account-based and user-specific permissions that define what actions any given authorized user for an account may perform with respect to a BEC station. The session manager controls (in some cases real-time) interactions between a user and a BEC station, some interactions allowing a user to select a recipe based on results returned earlier in the same session.

Abstract: While a qubit control system (e.g., a laser system) is in a first configuration, it causes a qubit state (as represented as a point on the surface of a Bloch sphere) of a quantum state carrier (QSC), e.g., an atom, to rotate in a first direction from an initial qubit state to a first configuration qubit state. While the qubit control system is in a second configuration, it causes the QSC state to rotate in a second direction opposite the first direction from the first configuration qubit state to a second configuration qubit state. The second configuration qubit state is read out as a |0 or |1. Repeating these actions results in a distribution of |0s and |1s that can be used to determine which of the two configurations results in higher Rabi frequencies. Iterating the above for other pairs of configurations can identify a configuration that delivers the most power to the QSC and thus yields the highest Rabi frequency.

Abstract: An atomtronics station and a cloud-based server cooperate to provide Bose-Einstein condensates as a service (ATaaS). The atomtronics station serves as a system for implementing “recipes” for producing, manipulating, and/or using atomtronic devices based on cold atoms that are, in some respects, analogous to classical electronic devices based on electricity. The cloud-based server acts as an interface between the station (or stations) and authorized users of account holders. To this end the server hosts an account manager and a session manager. The account manager manages accounts and associated account-based and user-specific permissions that define what actions any given authorized user for an account may perform with respect to an atomtronics station. The session manager controls (in some cases, real-time) interactions between a user and an atomtronics station, some interactions allowing a user to select a recipe based on results returned earlier in the same session.

Abstract: A multi-quantum-reference (MQR) laser frequency stabilization system includes a laser system, an MQR system, and a controller. The laser system provides an output beam with an output frequency, and plural feedback beams with respective feedback frequencies. The feedback beams are directed to the MQR system which includes plural references, each including a respective population of quantum particles, e.g., rubidium 87 atoms, with respective resonant frequencies for respective quantum transitions. The degree to which the feedback frequencies match or deviate from the resonance frequencies can be tracked using fluorescence or other electro-magnetic radiation output from the references. The controller can stabilize the laser system output frequency based on plural reference outputs to achieve both short-term and long-term stability, e.g., in the context of an atomic clock.

Abstract: A quantum computer system packs quantum circuits into quantum memory so the circuits can be run concurrently. A quantum-circuit packer includes a resource mapper and a packing evaluator. The resource mapper characterizes the task of identifying candidate packings of pending quantum circuits as an integer linear problem (ILP), for which solutions are known. The packing evaluator applies an optimization criterion to select an optimum packing from the candidate packings. The optimum packing is run; the results are assigned to respective circuits that make up the packing.

Abstract: In the context of gate-model quantum computing, atoms (or polyatomic molecules) are excited to respective Rydberg states to foster intra-gate interactions. Rydberg states with relatively high principal quantum numbers are used for relatively distant intra-gate interactions and require relatively great inter-gate separations to avoid error-inducing inter-gate interactions. Rydberg states with relatively low principal quantum numbers can be used for intra-gate interactions over relatively short intra-gate distances and require relatively small inter-gate separations to avoid error-inducing inter-gate interactions. The relatively small inter-gate separations provide opportunities for parallel gate executions, which, in turn, can provide for faster execution of the quantum circuit constituted by the gates.

Abstract: A fluorescence detection process begins by localizing rubidium 87 atoms within an optical (all-optical or magneto-optical) trap so that at least most of the atoms in the trap are within a cone defined by an effective angle, e.g., 8°, of a spectral filter. Within the effective angle of incidence, the filter effectively rejects (reflects or absorbs) 778 nanometer (nm) fluorescence and effectively transmits 775.8 nm fluorescence. Any 775.8 nm fluorescence arrive outside the effective angle of incidence. Thus, using an optical trap to localize the atoms within the cone enhances the signal-to-noise ratio of the fluorescence transmitted through the spectral filter and arriving a photomultiplier or other photodetector, resulting fluorescence detection signal with an enhanced S/N.

Abstract: A shaken-lattice station and a cloud-based server cooperate to provide shaken lattices as a service (SLaaS). The shaken-lattice station serves as a system for implementing “recipes” for creating and using shaking functions to be applied to light used to trap quantum particles. The cloud-based server acts as an interface between the shaken-lattice station (or stations) and authorized users of account holders. To this end the server hosts an account manager and a session manager. The account manager manages accounts and associated account-based and user-specific permissions that define what actions any given authorized user for an account may perform with respect to a shaken-lattice station. The session manager controls (e.g., in real-time) interactions between a user and a shaken-lattice station, some interactions allowing a user to select a recipe based on results returned earlier in the same session.

Abstract: A quantum-sensing radiofrequency (RF) receiver system includes a multi-channel single-cell detection cell containing rubidium 87 atoms. Each channel is tuned to a respective RF frequency by applying electric potentials to indium-titanium-oxide (ITO) electrodes formed on detection cell walls. The channels are tuned to different RF frequencies to provide a relatively wideband detection in the aggregate across plural channels. A laser system provides plural laser beams, including a respective probe beam, to each channel to excite the 87Ru atoms therealong to a Rydberg state. Each channel can be read out by tracking absorption for each of the plural probe beams of the multi-channel system.

Abstract: A radio-frequency receiver achieves high sensitivity by pumping atoms to high-azimuthal (?3) Rydberg states. A vapor cell contains quantum particles (e.g., cesium atoms). A laser system provides probe, dressing, and coupling beams to pump the quantum particles to a first Rydberg state having a high-azimuthal quantum number ?3. A local oscillator drives an electric field in the vapor cell at a local oscillator frequency, which is imposed on a distribution of quantum particles between the first Rydberg state and a second Rydberg state. An incident RF signal field interferes with the local oscillator field, imposing an oscillation in the distribution at a beat or difference frequency and, consequently, on the intensity of the probe beam. The beat frequency component of the intensity of the probe beam is detected, and the detection signal is demodulated to extract information originally in the RF signal.

Abstract: Atom-scale particles, e.g., neutral and charged atoms and molecules, are pre-cooled, e.g., using magneto-optical traps (MOTs), to below 100 ?K to yield cold particles. The cold particles are transported to a sensor cell which cools the cold particles to below 1 ?K using an optical trap; these particles are stored in a reservoir within an optical trap within the sensor cell so that they are readily available to replenish a sensor population of particles in quantum superposition. A baffle is disposed between the MOTs and the sensor cell to prevent near-resonant light leaking from the MOTs from entering the sensor cell (and exciting the ultra-cold particles in the reservoir). The transporting from the MOTs to the sensor cell is effected by moving optical fringes of optical lattices and guiding the cold particles attached to the fringes along a meandering path through the baffle and into the sensor cell.

Abstract: A vacuum cell is described. The vacuum cell includes an inner chamber, a buffer channel, and a buffer ion pump. The buffer channel is fluidically isolated from the inner chamber and fluidically isolated from an ambient external to the vacuum cell. The buffer ion pump is fluidically coupled to the buffer channel and fluidically isolated from the ambient and the inner chamber.

Abstract: A rubidium optical atomic clock uses a modulated 778 nanometer (nm) probe beam and its reflection to excite rubidium 87 atoms, some of which emit 758.8 nm fluorescence as they decay back to the ground state. A spectral filter rejects scatter of the 778 nm probe beams while transmitting the 775.8 nm fluorescence so that the latter can be detected with a high signal-to-noise ratio. Since the spectral filter is only acceptably effective at angles of incidence less than 8° from the perpendicular, the atoms are localized by a magneto-optical trap so that most of the atoms lie within a conical volume defined by the 8° angle so that the resulting fluorescence detection signal has a high signal-to-noise ratio. The fluorescence detection signal can be demodulated to provide an error signal from which desired adjustments to the oscillator frequency can be calculated.

Abstract: A frequency-modulated spectrometry (FMS) output is used to stabilize an atomic clock by serving as an error signal to regulate the clock's oscillator frequency. Rubidium 87 atoms are localized within a hermetically sealed cell using an optical (e.g., magneto-optical) trap. The oscillator output is modulated by a sinusoidal radio frequency signal and the modulated signal is then frequency doubled to provide a modulated 788 nm probe signal. The probe signal excites the atoms, so they emit 775.8 nm fluorescence. A spectral filter is used to block 788 nm scatter from reaching a photodetector, but also blocks 775.8 nm fluorescence with an angle of incidence larger than 8° relative to a perpendicular to the spectral filter. The localized atoms lie within a conical volume defined by the 8° effective angle of incidence so an FMS output with a high signal-to-noise ratio is obtained.

Abstract: A qubit array reparation system includes a reservoir of ultra-cold particle, a detector that determines whether or not qubit sites of a qubit array include respective qubit particles, and a transport system for transporting an ultra-cold particle to a first qubit array site that has been determined by the probe system to not include a qubit particle so that the ultra-cold particle can serve as a qubit particle for the first qubit array site. A qubit array reparation process includes maintaining a reservoir of ultra-cold particles, determining whether or not qubit-array sites contain respective qubit particles, each qubit particle having a respective superposition state, and, in response to a determination that a first qubit site does not contain a respective qubit particle, transporting an ultracold particle to the first qubit site to serve as a qubit particle contained by the first qubit site.

Abstract: A frequency-modulated spectrometry (FMS) output is used to stabilize an atomic clock by serving as an error signal to regulate the clock's oscillator frequency. Rubidium 87 atoms are localized within a hermetically sealed cell using an optical (e.g., magneto-optical) trap. The oscillator output is modulated by a sinusoidal radio frequency signal and the modulated signal is then frequency doubled to provide a modulated 788 nm probe signal. The probe signal excites the atoms, so they emit 775.8 nm fluorescence. A spectral filter is used to block 788 nm scatter from reaching a photodetector, but also blocks 775.8 nm fluorescence with an angle of incidence larger than 8° relative to a perpendicular to the spectral filter. The localized atoms lie within a conical volume defined by the 8° effective angle of incidence so an FMS output with a high signal-to-noise ratio is obtained.

Abstract: A quantum-mechanics station (?-station) and a cloud-based server cooperate to provide quantum mechanics as a service (?aaS) including real-time, exclusive, interactive sessions. The ?-station serves as a system for implementing “recipes” for producing, manipulating, and/or using quantum-state carriers, e.g., rubidium 87 atoms. The cloud-based server acts as an interface between the station (or stations) and authorized users of account holders. To this end, the server hosts an account manager and a session manager. The account manager manages accounts and associated account-based and user-specific permissions that define what actions any given authorized user for an account may perform with respect to a ?-station. The session manager controls (e.g., in real-time) interactions between a user and a ?-station, some interactions allowing a user to select a recipe based on wavefunction characterizations returned earlier in the same session.

Abstract: A microwave sensor determines an electric-field strength of a microwave field populated by quantum particles in an ultra-high vacuum (UHV) cell. A probe laser beam and a coupling laser beam are directed into the UHV cell so that they are generally orthogonal to each other and intersect to define a “Rydberg” intersection, so-called as the quantum particles within the Rydberg intersection transition to a pair of Rydberg states. The frequency of the probe laser beam is swept so that a frequency spectrum of the probe laser beam can be captured. The frequency spectrum is analyzed to determine a frequency difference between Autler-Townes peaks. The electric-field strength of the microwave field within the Rydberg intersection is then determined based on this frequency difference.