Abstract: There is provided a method for dosing a drug to a patient, including (a) administering the drug to the patient according to a titration dosing schedule, where the titration dosing schedule is determined from a database storing data containing observations of previous patient responses to the drug, and the titration dosing schedule is associated with a subcohort of a cohort of patients, where a subcohort classification is based on one or more factors associated with variability of the drug; (b) monitoring the patient during the administering (a) to determine when a desired clinical endpoint is reached; (c) administering the drug to the patient according to a maintenance dosing schedule, where the maintenance dosing schedule is based on an estimate of drug level, where the estimate is based on (i) when the desired clinical endpoint is reached, and (ii) a pharmacokinetic model for the subcohort; and (d) updating the database to incorporate data from the monitoring (b) of the patient.

Abstract: A method of determining whether a patient has taken a dose of medication. The method includes including a first-pass tracer substance with at least one dose of the medication. The first-pass tracer substance is detectable in a body of the patient using a sensor. In addition, the first-pass tracer substance has a short half-life at the site of detection in the body. Further, processing circuitry determines that the patient has taken the dose of medication when the first-pass tracer substance is detected using the sensor at a time after a scheduled medication administration.