Abstract: An LED light bulb assembly having a base provided with a connection portion for connecting the assembly to an electric light bulb socket, and with a holding portion, the connection portion and the holding portion facing in opposite directions running essentially in parallel to a central axis of the assembly. The assembly has a substrate carrying at least one LED and having a mounting section which is affixed to the holding portion in a fully assembled state of the assembly. A method for assembling an LED light bulb assembly as described above is also disclosed. The LED light bulb assembly is easy to assemble, yet rugged, and allows for fully automating the production or at least minimizing manufacturing efforts, and thus reducing the costs of LED light bulbs.

Abstract: Optical systems of the present invention include first and second optical amplifiers that are operated individually to provide gain profiles that do not conform with a desired composite, or overall or total, gain profile, e.g., substantially flat, but to produce a desired composite noise figure profile, e.g., substantially flat or otherwise, for the amplifiers. Generally, the desired composite noise figure profile is produced, while attempting to minimize the deviation of the composite gain profile from the desired composite gain profile.

Abstract: The optical systems of the present invention include optical switching device generally configured to control signal characteristic profiles over the pluralities of signal channels, or wavelengths, to provide desired signal characteristic profiles at the output ports of the device. Various signal characteristics that can be controlled include power level, cross-talk, optical signal to noise ratio, etc. The optical switching devices can include balanced demultiplexer/multiplexer combinations and switches that provide for uniform optical loss through the devices. In addition, low extinction ratio switches can be configured to provide higher extinction ratios.

Abstract: Systems, apparatuses, and methods for producing and utilizing orthogonal optical data signals, which can be produced by modulating electrical data signals onto orthogonal polarization components of an optical carrier traveling in opposite directions in a common modulator. The modulator can include one or more traveling wave electrodes having first and second ends with a first electrical data input connected to the first end and a second electrical data input connected to the second end.

Abstract: Optical transmission systems of the present invention include a plurality of optical amplifiers configured to provide optical amplification of one or more information carrying optical signal wavelengths. At least two of the optical amplifier are operated to provide net losses or net gains along corresponding spans, while the cumulative gain provided by the plurality of optical amplifiers substantially compensates for the cumulative loss of the spans.

Abstract: Optical transmission systems of the present invention include optical protection systems, apparatuses, and methods that provide increased reliability in the system. The optical system generally includes an optical switch having distinct, cooperating dedicated and shared protection sections. The shared protection sections in a plurality of nodes can be configured to provide a protection net, in which a plurality of traffic demands, or working channels, are commonly protected as protection group using one protection channels supported by the protection net.

Abstract: Systems, apparatuses, and methods for producing and utilizing orthogonal optical data signals, which can be produced by modulating electrical data signals onto orthogonal polarization components of an optical carrier traveling in opposite directions in a common modulator. The modulator can include one or more traveling wave electrodes having first and second ends with a first electrical data input connected to the first end and a second electrical data input connected to the second end.

Abstract: Optical systems of the present invention include amplifiers configured to achieve maximum signal channel in a span downstream of the transmitter and amplifier site and to decrease the interaction between the wavelengths at high signal channel powers. In addition, the system can include various types of optical fiber positioned in the network to provide for increased signal channel powers and higher gain efficiencies in the system.

Abstract: Optical systems and devices for processing spectral groups, and optical methods for forming spectral groups, the optical system including at least one sub-network including at least one spectral group router configurable to route a plurality of optical signal channels within a spectral group, when contained within said sub-network and terminate optical channels within a spectral group, when bounding said sub-network, each optical signal channel being transmitted from one node within said sub-network to another node in said sub-network.

Abstract: An optical transmission system includes a number of corresponding modular multiplexing and demultiplexing units used in transmitting and receiving an optical signal respectively. Additionally, compensation components compensate for optical dispersion experienced by the optical signal. The modular multiplexing and demultiplexing units are assembled in a cascade fashion at the transmit side and the receive side of the optical transmission system, respectively. The dispersion compensation components share dispersion compensation fiber across the cascaded units.

Abstract: Adjusting power for a WDM optical transmission system comprising emitter means, an optical transmission line, and receiver means, the method being characterized in that for each wavelength channel, the power emitted for said channel by the emitter means is adjusted as a function of the optical powers received for said channel at a plurality of points distributed along the transmission line.

Abstract: Optical transmission systems of the present invention include a plurality of optical amplifiers configured to provide optical amplification of one or more information carrying optical signal wavelengths. At least two of the optical amplifier are operated to provide net losses or net gains along corresponding spans, while the cumulative gain provided by the plurality of optical amplifiers substantially compensates for the cumulative loss of the spans.

Abstract: Systems, apparatuses, and methods are disclosed that include network control architectures that provide for distributed control of the optical component work functions and network management. The distribution of the work function control in the network element provides for a hierarchical division of work function responsibilities. The hierarchical division provides for streamlined and specically tailored control structures that greatly increases the reliability of the network management system.

Abstract: Optical transmission systems of the present invention include at least one optical amplifier configured to provide optical amplification of one or more information carrying optical signal wavelengths. At least one optical amplifier is controlled based on an in situ performance characterization of the at least one optical amplifier and the transmission fiber. The in situ, or installed, performance characteristics of the optical amplifier can be characterized based on relative gain measurements over the signal wavelength range as a function of the supplied pump power. The installed characterization allows the optical amplifier performance and gain profiles to be tightly controlled over the signal wavelength range in the transmission system.

Abstract: Systems, apparatuses, and methods for driving an optical source with a current source. The optical source driver has a primary control loop having a DC—DC converter and an operational amplifier, wherein the DC—DC converter has a power input, a power output connected to the input of the optical source, and a control input, and wherein the operational amplifier has a first input connected between the optical source and the current source, a second input, and an output connected to the control input of the DC—DC converter, for controlling the output of the DC—DC converter in response to a control signal at the second input.

Abstract: Optical systems of the present invention include a plurality of optical processing nodes in optical communication via a plurality of signal varying devices. A first signal varying device includes an optical fiber configured to produce Raman scattering/gain in a signal wavelength range and a first signal variation profile. A first pump source is configured provides sufficient pump power in a plurality of first pump wavelengths to stimulate Raman scattering/gain in the optical fiber within the signal wavelength range. A second signal varying device is provided having a second signal variation profile to produce a cumulative signal variation profile that differs from the first and second signal variation profiles.

Abstract: A fiberoptic network with an optical supervisory channel in each of the optical fibers interconnecting the nodes of the network is described. Together with IP routers, the optical supervisory channels form a control network over which signaling and control signals are exchanged by which provisioning and restoration operations are performed at each node. To restore connections between the nodes upon a failure of the network, the control network helps to maintain at each node a synchronized database of network connections between the nodes, send messages to other nodes to initiate restoration operations by a node noticing the failure; and recalculate network connections around the failure by each node from a synchronized database at the node.

Abstract: Optical transmission systems of the present invention include at least one optical amplifier generally including an optical signal amplifying medium supplied with pump power in the form of optical energy in via an optical pump source. The pump source includes multiple optical sources, at least two of which provide optical energy in first and second wavelength ranges separated by a frequency difference. The amplifier includes a wavelength controller configured to adjust the wavelength range of at least one of the optical sources to vary the frequency difference in a manner sufficient to vary optical intensity noise produced when the optical energy from the multiple optical sources is combined.