Abstract: Apparatus for and methods to manufacture elastomeric structural elements utilizing significant quantities of discarded rubber as well other materials, such as unvulcanized rubber compounds, commercial rubber binders, and thermoplastic rubber. The inventive elastomeric structural elements are well suited for use on railroads, highways, buildings, and other structural applications as replacement for traditional materials such as wood, steel, aluminum, concrete, plastics, composites, recycled pressed wood products, and combinations of various recycled materials.