Abstract: A method, device, article of manufacture and apparatus are disclosed for binding successive layers of a “guest specie” such as an atom, cation, anion, organic molecule, and/or pathogen to a substrate or multiple different substrates. Possible substrates include materials with a porous nature; macro, micro and nano porous materials are all candidates. The adsorbent capacity of a substrate is extended by coordinating a layer of bi- or multi-functional ligand (L) to an adsorbed atom or ion or molecule or pathogen, which is then coordinate to a second layer of adsorbed atom or ion or molecule or pathogen.

Abstract: Forward osmosis methods and apparatus using a supported osmotic agent to establish or enhance an osmotic forward bias are disclosed. A supported osmotic agent may be assisted by osmotic agents not attached to a support and/or a pressure differential between an influent and effluent chamber and/or a temperature gradient and/or other means to increase the osmotic pressure in an effluent chamber.

Abstract: An adsorbent for removing compounds from a fluid comprising chitosan and one or more additional materials to enable selectivity of compounds removed. A chitosan based adsorbent is functionalized and cross linked to a predetermined degree to enhance its capacity and selectivity for various molecules and/or ions.

Abstract: The invention has two primary portions, a means to provide ultra-violet radiation and a means for adsorbing organic, inorganic and, optionally, pathogens. The means to provide ultra-violet radiation comprises ultra-violet light sources emitting, at least in part, in the spectrum around 265 nm. Light emitting devices, including light emitting diodes and other solid state light emitting devices are available in this range as well. The adsorbent portion comprises several different adsorbent media, including zeolites, titanium dioxide (TiO2), alumina, carbon, micro- and/or nano-porous carbon, other minerals with a naturally occurring micro- and/or nano-porous structure, synthetic, including organic, substrates with a micro- and/or nano-porous structure, and surface-modified variations of the preceding adsorbents.

Abstract: A method, article of manufacture and apparatus are disclosed for binding successive layers of a “guest specie” such as an atom, cation, anion, organic molecule, and/or pathogen to a substrate or multiple different substrates. Possible substrates include materials with a porous nature; macro, micro and nano porous materials are all candidates. The adsorbent capacity of a substrate is extended by coordinating a layer of bi- or multi-functional ligand (L) to an adsorbed atom or ion or molecule or pathogen, which is then coordinate to a second layer of adsorbed atom or ion or molecule or pathogen.