Abstract: Digital twin based management system and method are disclosed. The management system includes a commissioning digital twin, a commissioning controller, an operational digital twin and an operational controller. The commissioning digital twin corresponds to a physical system and is updated based on commissioning input and output data during commissioning of the physical system. The commissioning controller is initialized based on the commissioning digital twin, and is configured to manage and control the physical system during the commissioning. The operational digital twin is generated based on the commissioning digital twin and is adapted based on operational input and output data during operation of the physical system. The operational controller is initialized by the commissioning controller and adapted based on the operational digital twin and is configured to manage and control the physical system during the operation. Digital twin based fuel cell management system and method are also disclosed.

Abstract: An auxiliary power circuit includes an impedance circuit, a switch, and a controller. The switch is coupled in series with the impedance circuit. The switch is configured to selectively couple the impedance circuit to a power source. The controller is coupled to the switch. The controller is configured to close the switch when an output voltage of the power source exceeds a voltage threshold.