Abstract: A method of operating a superconductor in its superconductivity state at a temperature Tc(i) in the range of Tc* to Tc, where Tc* is greater than the superconductivity temperature Tc of the superconductor, includes cooling the superconductor to a temperature of Tc or less and applying energy to the superconductor after the superconductor has entered a superconducting state. The energy corresponds to the quantum energy h? in the range of a minimum energy less than E0 to less than E0, where E0 is the ground state of the two-dimensional excitation binding energy of the superconductor The superconductor is then cooled to the selected temperature Tc(i). The minimum energy is 8/9 of E0.

Abstract: A method of operating a superconductor in its superconductivity state at a temperature Tc(i) in the range of Tc* to Tc, where Tc* is greater than the superconductivity temperature Tc of the superconductor, includes cooling the superconductor to a temperature of Tc or less and applying energy to the superconductor after the superconductor has entered a superconducting state. The energy corresponds to the quantum energy hv in the range of a minimum energy less than E0 to less than E0, where E0 is the ground state of the two-dimensional excitation binding energy of the superconductor The superconductor is then cooled to the selected temperature Tc(i). The minimum energy is 8/9 of E0.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for heating materials or substances in an oven at an oven temperature below their melting and/or vaporization points to either melt and/or vaporize the substance. Substances are inserted into a substantially spherical envelope. The envelope is sealed at a preset pressure. The solid is heated in an oven at an oven temperature substantially below the melting or vaporization temperature of the substance at the preset pressure for a time sufficient to either melt or vaporize the substance.

Abstract: A method of forming a single crystalline structure having a substantially linear response at least over the wave lengths of 1,200 to 1,700 nanometers, the resulting structure and its use as an optical media or a barrier coating. Thus, maximum obtainable optical transmission with zero attenuation is provided. There is no intrinsic material absorption.

Abstract: Abstract of the Disclosure An apparatus and method for heating materials or substances in an oven at an oven temperature below their melting and/or vaporization points to either melt and/or vaporize the substance. Substances are inserted into a substantially spherical envelope. The envelope is sealed at a preset pressure. The solid is heated in an oven at an oven temperature substantially below the melting or vaporization temperature of the substance at the preset pressure for a time sufficient to either melt or vaporize the substance.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for heating materials or substances in an oven at an oven temperature below their melting and/or vaporization points to either melt and/or vaporize the substance. Substances are inserted into a substantially spherical envelope. The envelope is sealed at a preset pressure. The solid is heated in an oven at an oven temperature substantially below the melting or vaporization temperature of the substance at the preset pressure for a time sufficient to either melt or vaporize the substance.