Abstract: A gas spring element or gas cylinder element, particularly suitable for presses for non-cutting forming, including a closed non-compressible fluid system which includes the ring space between the piston or as the case may be piston rod and the cylinder or as the case may be cylinder head, wherein manipulation of the flow of fluid, which results from displacement movement of the piston, is used to hold the piston in the extended position and also to initiate release the piston rod, optionally including rate of return of the piston. Therewith there is achieved a complete timewise decoupling of the return stroke movement of a press ram and a piston rod.

Abstract: A press-driven tool module comprising a foundation body including a cylindrical bore; a work ram slidably mounted in the cylindrical bore of the foundation body for sliding movement in non-vertical reciprocal operating and return directions, the ram adapted for receiving a work tool, wherein the work ram is a piston rod of a hydraulic medium activated work piston, and wherein the work piston is slidably mounted in a work space of a work cylinder; a return spring element disposed for urging the ram in the return direction; a hydraulic power cylinder having a displacement space containing hydraulic medium; a vertically displaceable plunger mounted in the hydraulic power cylinder for acting upon the hydraulic medium; and a press ram disposed for acting upon the plunger; a hydraulic pressure line communicating between the displacement space of the power cylinder and the work space of the work cylinder, wherein a supply space is provided in the power cylinder for the hydraulic medium, which supply space, when the

Abstract: A gas cylinder element having a replenishable lubrication means provided in the piston rod guide bushing. The gas cylinder element has an extended life expectancy and reduced manufacturing cost.

Abstract: A composite and self-lubricating bushing comprises a monolithic steel body having a machined internal cylindrical surface and a porous bearing layer applied to the surface. The porous bearing layer is formed by compacting and sintering a particulate bearing material. The steel body may also include a cavity for storing lubricant and at least one passageway extending between the cavity and the internal cylindrical surface. The bushing may be fabricated by positioning the steel body concentrically over an elastomeric plug, charging the annular cavity between the body and the plug with a sinterable particulate, expanding the elastomeric plug diametrically to compact the particulate, removing the plug and heating the bearing body and compacted particulate.