Abstract: A computer-implemented method is disclosed. The method may include receiving, at a neuron of an artificial neural network, a sequence of synapse messages. Each synapse message may include a timestamp of the time the synapse message was sent. The method may include determining, based on the timestamp of each synapse message, whether the neuron processed the sequence of synapse messages out of order with respect to the timestamps. The method may include, in response to the neuron processing the sequence of synapse messages out of order, reverse-computing at least one computation performed by the neuron in response to processing the sequence of synapse messages out of order. The method may include performing the at least one computation based on receipt of the sequence in a correct order as determined by the timestamp of each synapse message in the sequence of synapse messages.