Abstract: A band-gap reference voltage is developed by a phase-clocked band-gap circuit including a single PN junction through which first and second constant currents are alternately directed. A current proportional to absolute temperature is selectively added to one of the first and second constant currents to curvature-compensate the developed band-gap reference voltage. The band-gap circuit is calibrated at any desired temperature by interrupting the curvature compensation current and trimming the one constant current to bring the un-compensated band-gap reference voltage into correspondence with a nominal band-gap voltage functionally related to the calibration temperature and circuit component values.

Abstract: A first method for estimating a torque/force exerted by a load against an actuator driven by an electric motor against the load includes measuring motor current of the electric motor and measuring a position/angle or speed/angular speed of the actuator and includes calculating the torque/force exerted by the load against the actuator using at least a difference between a calculated motor torque/force and a calculated actuator-experienced torque/force. A second method includes measuring input voltage of the electric motor instead of measuring motor current. A third method includes measuring both motor current and input voltage. In one example, without limitation, the actuator is an automotive electromechanical brake caliper.

Abstract: A roll control system (20) for installation between axially aligned wheels of a motor vehicle, the roll control system comprising a torsion bar (22); a first hydraulic actuator (24) attached to one end (28) of the torsion bar and attachable to one of the wheels; a second hydraulic actuator (24) attached to the other end (28) of the torsion bar and attachable to the other wheel; and an electronic control unit (26) monitoring one or more predetermined vehicle operating conditions; wherein the first and second hydraulic actuators are substantially identical, each comprising a compression chamber (30) containing hydraulic fluid, a rebound chamber (32) containing hydraulic fluid, a movable piston (34) between and fluidly isolating the compression chamber and the rebound chamber, a piston rod (58) connected to the piston and extending through the rebound chamber, a gas chamber (38) containing pressurised gas acting on the hydraulic fluid in the compression chamber, a compressible spring means (80) biasing the pisto