Abstract: An apparatus for a non-invasive sensing of biological analytes in a sample includes an optics system having at least one radiation source and at least one radiation detector; a measurement system operatively coupled to the optics system; a control/processing system operatively coupled to the measurement system and having an embedded software system; a user interface/peripheral system operatively coupled to the control/processing system for providing user interaction with the control/processing system; and a power supply system operatively coupled to the measurement system, the control/processing system and the user interface system for providing power to each of the systems. The embedded software system of the control/processing system processes signals obtained from the measurement system to determine a concentration of the biological analytes in the sample.

Abstract: A method is provided for calibrating a noninvasive glucose monitor for prospective noninvasive glucose determination. Spectroscopic transflectance readings are measured on the patient's skin using a noninvasive glucose monitor. The patient's blood glucose level is measured with an invasive glucose monitor. The noninvasive and invasive measurements are correlated to form an individual algorithm for each patient. Preferably, the position of the patient's skin with respect to the probe of the noninvasive monitor is spatially adjusted while collecting the transflectance measurements such that multiple readings are taken on the patient's skin. The measurements are preferably taken over a period of time and over a plurality of glucose levels in the patient.

Abstract: Disclosed is a probe 2 suitable for use in the non-invasive sensing of glucose concentrations in the body of a patient. The probe 2 includes at least three radiation receiving fibers 16 extending between a probe body 12 and a spectrograph 8, and spaced apart from each other in a substantially uniform manner and aligned in a predetermined fixed pattern at the probe body 12. A radiation transmitting means 10 conducts radiation from a radiation source 4 and extends from the radiation source 4 to the probe body 12. The radiation transmitting means 10 is formed in the probe 2 into ring means for conducting radiation in a ring-shaped area immediately surrounding each of said receiving fibers 16. The radiation transmitting means 10 and the receiving fibers 16 terminate at the probe body 12 in a unitary structure having an outer surface configured for contacting the skin of a patient.

Abstract: A radiation detector includes a plurality of detector elements arranged on a detector substrate in an interdigitated linear array. A thermoelectric or other cooler is attached to the lower surface of the detector substrate. A pair of interconnect boards is positioned on opposite sides of the detector substrate. The detector elements, substrate, cooler and pair of boards are received in a sealed housing and a radiation transmitting window in the housing permits radiation to pass into the housing and strike the detector elements. A plurality of conductive pins extends through the housing and terminates at electrical traces on the interconnect boards. A thermistor or other temperature sensor is attached to the detector substrate and, through control of the thermoelectric cooler, maintains the detector substrate at a desired operating temperature.

Abstract: A method and apparatus (12) for the non-invasive sensing of blood glucose levels includes apparatus (10) which moves the forearm of the patient in a controlled incremental manner to take a plurality of spectral skin measurements and averaging the measurements for the purpose of accounting for biological differences that exist in the patient's skin.

Abstract: Disclosed is a radiation detector which includes at least one photoconductive detector and a modulator, which modulates in an on-off manner radiation passing to the photoconductive detector from a radiation source. A bias source is connected to one terminal of the photoconductive detector. A first amplifier is connected to the other terminal of the photoconductive detector, and a second amplifier receives an output of the first amplifier. A first phase detector detects the phase of modulation of the radiation source by the modulator and generates a reference signal relating thereto. A switch in the second amplifier changes, in response to the reference signal generated by the first phase detector, the second amplifier between an inverting state and a non-inverting state as the modulator changes the phase of modulation of the radiation.

Abstract: Disclosed is a radiation detector which includes a photoconductive detector and a modulator which modulates radiation passing to the photoconductive detector from a radiation source. An AC bias source is connected to the photoconductive detector and provides at least two levels of bias thereto. The modulator supplies synchronization signals to the AC bias source such that the level of bias supplied to the photoconductive detector is synchronized to the modulation of the radiation by the modulator. An integrator is connected to and receives an output signal generated by the photoconductive detector.

Abstract: A detector includes a plurality of detector elements in a linear array. A bias source is connected to the input terminal of each detector element. The bias source includes a first bias connected to the input terminals of a first set of detector elements including alternating detector elements and is also connected through an associated measurement device to the output terminals of a second set of detector elements including the remaining detector elements. The bias source also includes a second bias, different from the first bias, and connected through an associated measurement device to the output terminals of the first set of detector elements. The second bias is also connected to the input terminals of the second set of detector elements.

Abstract: A method for accurately converting to an electrical signal a modulated optical signal, the modulation frequency of which randomly varies in a narrow range about a predefined optimum modulation frequency, includes the steps of receiving the optical signal at an optical detector, producing as an output of the optical detector an electrical signal corresponding to the optical signal, the amplitude of which electrical signal varies with frequency, and modifying the amplitude of the electrical signal, depending on the frequency of the electrical signal, inversely to the variation of the amplitude of the electrical signal with frequency caused by the optical detector.

Abstract: Method for non-invasive detection of the concentration of a constituent in blood of a living animal includes the steps of irradiating a body part of the animal with intensity-modulated radiation over a continuous spectrum; determining the intensity of radiation emitted from the body part at wavelength ranges within the continuous spectrum; and using the determined intensity to calculate the concentration of the constituent. A radiation source including a radiating bulb and a chopper for periodically interrupting radiation emitted from the bulb may be provided.

Abstract: A method of non-invasive determination of the concentration of at least one analyte in the blood of a mammal, includes the steps of projecting near-infrared radiation on a portion of the body of the mammal, the radiation including a plurality of wavelengths; sensing the resulting radiation emitted from the portion of the body; deriving from the sensed resulting radiation emitted from the portion of the body a first expression for the magnitude of the sensed radiation as a function of wavelength of the sensed radiation; pretreating the first expression to minimize the influence of offset and drift to obtain a second expression for the magnitude of the sensed radiation as a function of wavelength; and performing multivariate analysis of the second expression to obtain a value for the concentration of the analyte.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for non-invasive determination of the concentration of at least one analyte in a mammal. A portion of the body of the mammal is irradiated with incident radiation, where the incident radiation includes two or more distinct bands of continuous-wavelength incident radiation. The resulting radiation emitted from the portion of the body is sensed and a value for the concentration of the analyte is derived therefrom.