Abstract: A method of identifying a bond boundary between a sound bond and weak bond in a multilayer article may include determining a plurality of positions on a surface of the article; for each position of the plurality of positions, obtaining a full-wave, time domain waveform of ultrasonic waves reflected from the article; and, for each pair of adjacent positions among the plurality of positions, determining whether there is a bond boundary between a first position and a second position based on a comparison of a waveform characteristic of a first waveform generated at the first position and the waveform characteristic of a second waveform generated at the second position; and in response to a determination that there is a bond boundary between the first position and the second position, determining a boundary position based on the first position and the second position and memorializing the boundary position.

Abstract: A dissimilar metal article may include a first metallic component including a first metal material, a second metallic component comprising a second metal material, and a transition joint provided between and bonding a first metallic component first end surface to a second metallic component first end surface. An additive flow material may be further provided to the dissimilar metal article to strengthen the joint between the first metallic component and the second metallic component.

Abstract: A method of identifying a bond boundary between a sound bond and weak bond in a multilayer article may include determining a plurality of positions on a surface of the article; for each position of the plurality of positions, obtaining a full-wave, time domain waveform of ultrasonic waves reflected from the article; and, for each pair of adjacent positions among the plurality of positions, determining whether there is a bond boundary between a first position and a second position based on a comparison of a waveform characteristic of a first waveform generated at the first position and the waveform characteristic of a second waveform generated at the second position; and in response to a determination that there is a bond boundary between the first position and the second position, determining a boundary position based on the first position and the second position and memorializing the boundary position.

Abstract: A dissimilar metal article may include a first metallic component including a first metal material, a second metallic component comprising a second metal material, and a transition joint provided between and bonding a first metallic component first end surface to a second metallic component first end surface. An additive flow material may be further provided to the dissimilar metal article to strengthen the joint between the first metallic component and the second metallic component.

Abstract: A cladded article may include a first metallic layer, a clad layer, and a first solid-state welding interface region positioned between the clad layer and the first metallic layer. The clad layer may include a first clad layer region having a first clad layer thickness in a thickness direction of the clad layer and a second clad layer region having a second clad layer thickness in the thickness direction of the clad layer. The second clad layer thickness may be greater than the first clad layer thickness.

Abstract: A cladded article may include a first metallic layer, a clad layer, and a first solid-state welding interface region positioned between the clad layer and the first metallic layer. The clad layer may include a first clad layer region having a first clad layer thickness in a thickness direction of the clad layer and a second clad layer region having a second clad layer thickness in the thickness direction of the clad layer. The second clad layer thickness may be greater than the first clad layer thickness.

Abstract: A method of identifying a bond boundary between a sound bond and weak bond in a multilayer article may include determining a plurality of positions on a surface of the article; for each position of the plurality of positions, obtaining a full-wave, time domain waveform of ultrasonic waves reflected from the article; and, for each pair of adjacent positions among the plurality of positions, determining whether there is a bond boundary between a first position and a second position based on a comparison of a waveform characteristic of a first waveform generated at the first position and the waveform characteristic of a second waveform generated at the second position; and in response to a determination that there is a bond boundary between the first position and the second position, determining a boundary position based on the first position and the second position and memorializing the boundary position.

Abstract: A dissimilar metal article may include a first metallic component including a first metal material, a second metallic component comprising a second metal material, and a transition joint provided between and bonding a first metallic component first end surface to a second metallic component first end surface. An additive flow material may be further provided to the dissimilar metal article to strengthen the joint between the first metallic component and the second metallic component.

Abstract: A cladded article may include a first metallic layer, a clad layer, and a first solid-state welding interface region positioned between the clad layer and the first metallic layer. The clad layer may include a first clad layer region having a first clad layer thickness in a thickness direction of the clad layer and a second clad layer region having a second clad layer thickness in the thickness direction of the clad layer. The second clad layer thickness may be greater than the first clad layer thickness.

Abstract: A composite transition joint is described. The transition joint includes a plurality of metal layers that are metallurgically bonded together. The metal layers include a base layer, an interlayer bonded to the base layer, and a top layer bonded to the interlayer. The top layer includes an aluminum manganese alloy and includes a thickness of at least 15 mm. The composite transition joint may bond a current stem to an anode of an aluminum smelter. The transition joint increases the length of the current stem, without impacting electrical conductivity of the current stem.