Abstract: A nameserver receives a request to access a webpage from a client device. The nameserver generates a blockchain query based on the request for querying a domain registrar blockchain storing domain name registration data in smart contracts. The nameserver sends the first blockchain query to the domain registrar blockchain. In response to receiving a nameserver identifier from the domain registrar blockchain, the nameserver retrieves a DNS record for the webpage using the received nameserver identifier. The nameserver then provides information from the retrieved DNS record to the client device to allow the client device to access the webpage.

Abstract: An automated ledger account maintenance system provides up-to-the-minute balances in all ledger accounts whenever data relating to a completed transaction is entered. The system is implemented on a general purpose computer and includes a predefined data file structure including ledger account data files corresponding to the ledger accounts and transaction record data files corresponding to transaction journals. Compliance with user definable accounting procedures is ensured through the use of an accounting control table that contains symbolic codes used by the recordkeeping procedures to authorize and control the creation and updating of the ledger account and transaction record data files. Cross-referencing and indexing of ledger account records, transaction records, and the second control records is provided to ensure a high degree of resistance to unauthorized alteration of the data files and to provide for traceability of all entries and postings.