Abstract: Bidirectional heat exchangers and elements for use therein are provided for application in buildings and other enclosures to introduce fresh outside air and to remove exhaust air while coincidently recovering heat from the warmer air and using it to adjust the temperature of the cooler air.
Abstract: Down-pumping heat pipes are provided to augment natural earth heat when used in association with conventional or up-pumping heat pipes for the purpose of maintaining an area such as a roadway free of ice and snow.
Abstract: Vapor chamber-containing apparatus is provided for cooling heat-producing electrical and electronic components wherein the heat is absorbed by a vaporizable agent.