Abstract: An electrochemical cell system, including: a housing; an electrolyte disposed in the housing; a plurality of discharging cathodes immersed in the electrolyte and a plurality of first spaces between the discharging cathodes, a metallic material, when placed in the first spaces, forms a plurality of discharging anodes; an electrochemical system, including: a housing, an electrolyte disposed in the housing, a discharging assembly immersed in the electrolyte including one or more discharging cathodes and a first space amid the discharging cathodes and the interior surface of the housing, a metallic material, wherein the first space contains the metallic material to form one or more discharging anodes, and a second space above the discharging assembly contains the metallic material in excess of the portion in the first space; and methods of simultaneous charging and discharging.

Abstract: A method for operating an electrochemical cell system for storing electrical energy in metallic material comprising a cell housing containing an electrolyte, a metallic material, a charging assembly for deposition of the metallic material, a discharging assembly for dissolution of the metallic material, and a space for storing the metallic material. The method comprises determining the metal concentration in the electrolyte and a software algorithm for determining the operation parameters such as the currents and voltages of the system as well as the schedules for electrolyte circulation and dislodging of deposited metallic materials.

Abstract: An electrochemical system for storing electrical energy in metallic material comprises a charging assembly having one or more cathode and anode couples for metal deposition and a discharging assembly having one or more cathodes and spaces amid the cathodes for containing metal anode. The charging assembly and discharging assembly are physically separated allowing independent operation of the charging and discharging facilities and independent scaling of power and energy capabilities. It also allows storage of anode metal material in simple containers separated from the charging and discharging assemblies and thus allows for economical energy storage.