Abstract: The invention relates to an apparatus for mechanically joining metal sheets, which lie flat one upon the other, by metal forming, having a tool set comprising at least one punch and one die which bounds a cavity in which the joining operation takes place, it being the case that at least one of these two tool parts can be driven via a driving force, produced by fluid supply, such that the punch displaces sheet-metal material out of a sheet-metal plane, and upsets it, under the action of deformation work, and the driveable tool part has a stop which is moved along with it and limits its penetration depth.

Abstract: A hydraulic ram including a stop system which defines a piston stroke. The stop system may be adjusted and the set position of the stop member may be coarsely read from graduation of a scale member while an adjustment ring has a finely graduated scale.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for bending tubular workpieces whereby a tube length is placed in front of a template and selectively driven deforming shoes urge the tube into engagement with the same. Where the desired tubular radii of curvature are relatively large the deforming shoes are driven from a stationary mount. Where shorter tubular radii are desired, generally near the tube ends, the deforming shoes are arranged such that they are incrementally translated along a path commensurable with the contour of the template. At each successive increment the deforming shoes perform a bending operation upon the tube such that it may be successively formed into its desired shape.

Abstract: The pipe-bending core consists of elements which are coupled to one another in articulated manner and threaded like a string of pearls on a wire cable, and which are expanded on being pushed against one another, but nevertheless remain articulated. The principle can be applied to pipes of differing cross-section. After releasing the bracing arrangment, the elements contract again by means of spring bias, so that the core can easily be withdrawn from the bent pipe.