Abstract: Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeONP) can be used to treat or prevent neurodegenerative diseases, including for example Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, Huntington's Disease, AIDS-related dementia, ALS, progressive supranuclear palsy, and encephalitis, as well as mitochondrial diseases and diseases associated with mitochondrial damage. In particular, CeONP having an average size of about 2 nm to about 100 nm can be administered in an amount sufficient to block production of hydroxyl or superoxide radicals, block free radical production by A?(1-42), block A?(1-42)-induced neuronal death, block A?(1-42)-induced [Ca2+]i dysfunction in neurons, block A?(1-42)-induced lipid peroxidation, decrease loss of dopaminergic neurotransmission, or reduce mitochondrial dysfunction in a cell.

Abstract: A dual-directional, or multi-degree-of-freedom, surgical clip is provided. The clip includes a top clamp. A bottom clamp is hingedly connected to the top clamp at a hinged joint for mutually pivotal transverse motion about the hinged joint. The top and bottom clamps each include a hinged attachment at an extreme end thereof. A first portion of each of the top and bottom clamps is in hinged connection with a corresponding second portion of the respective top and bottom clamps for mutually pivotal lateral movement. A method of using the clip to concurrently grasp and move patient tissue is also provided.

Abstract: A method of treating or preventing neurological injury in a subject who has suffered a stroke is described. The method includes administering a therapeutically effective amount of cerium oxide nanoparticles to the subject. Methods for prophylaxis against neurological injury from stroke, and methods for treating or preventing cardiovascular disease by administration of a therapeutically effective amount of cerium oxide nanoparticles are also described.