Abstract: The present invention discloses a process for joining materials. The process can include providing a first component with a first joint face and a second component with a second joint face. The first component, second component, and bonding layer can be assembled such that the first joint face is oppositely disposed from the second joint face with the bonding layer located at least partially therebetween. Heat can be applied to the first joint face and the second joint face with the bonding layer therebetween. In this manner, wetting and possibly slight dissolving of the first joint face and the second joint face can be afforded, with at least part of the bonding layer being vaporized. In addition, the first joint face can come into intimate contact with the second joint face and form a bond interface, with the first component being bonded to the second component across the bond interface.

Abstract: An improved multistep liquefaction process for organic carbonaceous mater which produces a virtually completely solvent-soluble carbonaceous liquid product. The solubilized product may be more amenable to further processing than liquid products produced by current methods. In the initial processing step, the finely divided organic carbonaceous material is treated with a hydrocarbonaceous pasting solvent containing from 10% and 100% by weight process-derived phenolic species at a temperature within the range of 300.degree. C. to 400.degree. C. for typically from 2 minutes to 120 minutes in the presence of a carbon monoxide reductant and an optional hydrogen sulfide reaction promoter in an amount ranging from 0 to 10% by weight of the moisture- and ash-free organic carbonaceous material fed to the system. As a result, hydrogen is generated via the water/gas shift reaction at a rate necessary to prevent condensation reactions. In a second step, the reaction product of the first step is hydrogenated.