Abstract: An immersion probe has a probe body having a longitudinal axis and an outer surface surrounding the longitudinal axis, wherein a portion of the outer surface has sampling elements, which extend around the longitudinal axis in the peripheral direction and which have a radial dimension. A protective layer, which can be dissolved or combusted in molten steel or slag, is arranged around the sampling elements.

Abstract: A device is provided for temperature measurement in metal melts, particularly in iron or steel melts, having a thermoelement, which is arranged in a thermoelement tube, and having an exterior protective body, which is essentially formed of graphite and metal oxide. The thermoelement tube is arranged in the protective body with a spacing, forming an intermediate space, and an insulating material and an oxygen-reducing material are arranged in the intermediate space. The insulating material and the oxygen-reducing material, as a powder mixture, form a tube (2), which surrounds the thermoelement tube (3) with a spacing and/or which is surrounded by the protective body (1) with a spacing.

Abstract: A measurement device is provided for determining the oxygen activity in molten metal or slag with a measurement head, which is arranged on one end of a carrier tube and on which an electrochemical measurement cell is arranged. The electrochemical measurement cell has a solid electrolyte tubule, which is closed on one side and which contains on its closed end a reference material and an electrode, which projects from the opposite end of the solid electrolyte tubule. The solid electrolyte tubule has on its outer surface a coating made from a mixture of zirconium silicate with a fluoride. The measurement head may also have a thermo-element, and the device may be used to determine the concentration of silicon and/or carbon in the melt, based on the oxygen activity measurement.

Abstract: A carrier tube is provided for sensors or samplers for use in metal or cryolite melts. The carrier tube has on its exterior surface longitudinal grooves and/or planar surfaces extending in the longitudinal direction of the tube.

Abstract: A measurement device is provided for determining the oxygen activity in molten metal or slag with a measurement head, which is arranged at one end of a carrier tube and on which an electrochemical measurement cell is arranged. The electrochemical measurement cell has a solid electrolyte tube, which is closed at one end and which contains a reference material and an electrode at its closed end. The electrode projects from the opposite end of the solid electrolyte tube. The outer surface of the solid electrolyte tube has a coating of a mixture of calcium zirconate with a fluoride. The measurement device can be used for calculating the sulfur, silicon and/or carbon content of the molten metal or slag from reaction of the sulfur with the calcium zirconate, which releases oxygen, and measurement of the resulting change in oxygen activity of the melt or slag at the outer surface of the solid electrolyte tube.

Abstract: A method and device are provided for analysis of a molten material using optical emission spectrometry. The molten material may be, for example, a molten metal, such as casting iron or steel, or slag, glass, or lava. A sensitive element is used having at least one emission spectrometer and at least one excitation device to effect the excitation of the molten material and to enable the partial or complete generation of a radiation to be analyzed by a spectrometer present in the sensitive element. The sensitive element is brought into contact with the molten material and transmits information, which contains analysis elements supplied by the spectrometer. An immersion sensor is also provided for carrying at least part of the device for performing the analysis method.

Abstract: An immersion measuring probe, particularly a drop-in measuring probe for metal melts, is provided having a measuring head, on which at least one sensor carrier having at least one sensor is arranged. The sensor carrier is held at or in an opening in the measuring head. At least a part of the measuring head is in electrical contact with a counter electrode of an electrochemical sensor arranged on the measuring head and forming a bath contact for the electrochemical sensor.

Abstract: An immersion measuring probe, particularly a drop-in measuring probe for molten metal, is provided having a measuring head, on which at least one sensor carrier having at least one sensor is arranged. The sensor carrier is held at or in an opening in the measuring head. At or near the opening in the measuring head, a combustible and/or a gas-containing or gas-generating porous material is arranged.

Abstract: An immersion thermocouple is described. The immersion thermocouple includes a heat resistant sheathing, the interior of which is substantially filled with a heat resistant cement, a first U-shaped tube enclosing a thermocouple fixed in the heat resistant cement, and a second U-shaped tube fixed in the heat resistant cement. The second U-shaped tube bridges the first U-shaped tube at an angle of approximately ninety degrees. The immersion thermocouple also includes a shield circumferentially surrounding the first and the second U-shaped tubes proximate to where the first and the second U-shaped tubes are fixed to the heat resistant cement.

Abstract: A refractory nozzle is provided for arrangement in or on a wall of a metallurgical crucible, particularly for steel melts, having a discharge duct surrounding a flow passage, wherein the discharge duct has a surface delimiting the flow passage and an outer housing. In order to improve the known solutions of the prior art, one embodiment of the nozzle is characterized by the discharge duct having an upper part and a lower part with the lower part being fixed in or on the upper part, wherein the surface of the upper part delimiting the flow passage is made of a different material than the surface of the lower part delimiting the flow passage. In a second embodiment the nozzle is characterized by the discharge duct having an upper part and a lower part with the lower part being fixed on or in the upper part, wherein the diameter of the flow passage in the upper part is greater than the diameter in the lower part.

Abstract: A device is provided for measuring temperature in molten metals with an optical fiber. The optical fiber is connected directly or indirectly to a measurement instrument and is held by a carrier. The immersion end of the fiber is fed through a body that can be consumed in the metal melt. The consumable body exhibits a consumption rate of at most 10 cm/min, and the consumption rate is approximately equal to or greater than the rate at which the structure of the optical fiber is destroyed.

Abstract: A probe to measure particulates suspended in molten metal includes an inner tube forming a receiving chamber. The tube includes an orifice permitting molten metal to flow into the chamber. A gas passageway extends out of the tube for connection to a vacuum source. A first electrode including a first member extends into the chamber. A second electrode surrounds a portion of the tube. The first and second electrodes connect to a measurement device for measuring changes in the electrical potential produced by particulates passing through the orifice. A liquidus depressing material within the chamber lowers the liquidus temperature of the molten metal and permits a longer period for measuring particulates therein. A second member is connected to the gas passageway at a first end of the second member. A chill block spaced from the liquidus depressing material is attached to a second end of the second member.

Abstract: A sampler is provided for melts, in particular for slags lying on a molten metal, the sampler having a single- or multi-part body for arrangement in a support. The sampler has an inlet and a sample chamber with two opposing chamber walls, wherein an inlet opening is arranged in one chamber wall. In order to make possible homogeneous and stable samples, an intermediate plate with at least one through opening is arranged inside of the sample chamber spaced from the chamber walls.

Abstract: A sensor, especially a temperature sensor, has a measuring resistor (7) including a substrate with an electrically insulating surface and a resistor layer situated thereon, which is enclosed by a housing (6) having current lead-ins to a plug system (1) for connection leads or contact pins (10) in a region of the housing facing away from the measurement. The measuring resistor (7) is arranged in the region of an end (14) of the housing facing the measurement, and between the measuring resistor (7) and the contact pins (10) at least one spacing element (9) of electrically insulating material is provided with lateral recesses for guiding the electrical connection leads (12) which extend from the measuring resistor (7). The temperature sensor can be simply adapted by variable configuration of the plug system and spacing element to various types of customer-specific requirements.

Abstract: A measuring device for determining the oxygen activity in metal melts or slag melts has a measuring head arranged on the end of a carrier tube, on which head an electrochemical measuring cell is arranged. The electrochemical measuring cell has a solid electrolyte tube closed on one end, which is surrounded on the closed end and at least on a portion of its periphery by a steel tube closed on one end. A reference material and a filler material adjoining the reference material are arranged inside the solid electrolyte tube on its closed end. A metal rod is arranged as an electrode along the solid electrolyte tube in such a manner that, on the one hand, it stands in contact with the reference material and, on the other hand, it projects out of the open end of the solid electrolyte tube. The open end of the solid electrolyte tube has a closure which is constructed as a cap, which fits on the exterior of the steel tube or the solid electrolyte tube, and the closure is gas-permeable.

Abstract: A refractory nozzle is provided for a metallurgical vessel, in particular for steel melts, wherein the nozzle has a flow-through opening with an upper end, a lower end, and an inner wall laterally enclosing the flow-through opening. In order to improve known discharge nozzles, in particular with regard to their thermal shock resistance, a heater and/or a thermal insulating material, that dissolves or bums upon contact with fluid steel, is arranged along the inner wall in the flow-through opening.

Abstract: A sampler for melts, in particular for slag, includes a body having an inlet and a sample chamber with an inlet opening. The inlet opening is located in a chamber wall delimited by a first metal plate with an opening. Removal of a sample from the sample chamber is simplified by arranging a second metal plate flat against the first metal plate, with the second metal plate having an opening that, together with the opening of the first metal plate, forms the inlet opening.

Abstract: A probe to measure particulates suspended in molten metal includes an inner tube forming a receiving chamber. The tube includes an orifice permitting molten metal to flow into the chamber. A gas passageway extends out of the tube for connection to a vacuum source. A first electrode including a first member extends into the chamber. A second electrode surrounds a portion of the tube. The first and second electrodes connect to a measurement device for measuring changes in the electrical potential produced by particulates passing through the orifice. A liquidus depressing material within the chamber lowers the liquidus temperature of the molten metal and permits a longer period for measuring particulates therein. A second member is connected to the gas passageway at a first end of the second member. A chill block spaced from the liquidus depressing material is attached to a second end of the second member.

Abstract: A measurement device is provided for determining the oxygen activity in molten metal or slag with a measurement head, which is arranged at one end of a carrier tube and on which an electrochemical measurement cell is arranged. The electrochemical measurement cell has a solid electrolyte tube, which is closed at one end and which contains a reference material and an electrode at its closed end. The electrode projects from the opposite end of the solid electrolyte tube. The outer surface of the solid electrolyte tube has a coating of a mixture of calcium zirconate with a fluoride. The measurement device can be used for calculating the sulfur, silicon and/or carbon content of the molten metal or slag from reaction of the sulfur with the calcium zirconate, which releases oxygen, and measurement of the resulting change in oxygen activity of the melt or slag at the outer surface of the solid electrolyte tube.

Abstract: A refractory nozzle is provided for arrangement in the wall of metallurgic vessels, especially for steel melts. The nozzle has a passage opening with an upper end and a bottom end, an inside wall of a solid electrolyte material enclosing the passage opening. At least one electrode is arranged on an outer side of the solid electrolyte material facing away from the passage opening and having connecting lines leading electro-conductively therefrom. Thermal insulating material at least partially encloses the outer side of the solid electrolyte material and the electrode. The at least one electrode is essentially made of a metal which has a melting point of at least about 1400° C. and/or of at least one of its oxides.