Abstract: Detection of solublen Interleukin-2 (IL-2) and Interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) levels in the serum, plasma, urine and bile of kidney and liver transplant patients using sensitive immunoassays provides valuable prognostic, monitoring and diagnostic information about impending, acute and chronic or recovering allograft rejection episodes. Additionally, monitoring immune system activation with these sensitive immunoassays can be useful for detecting viral and other infections and for distinguishing cyclosporine toxicity from graft rejection.