Abstract: A circuit arrangement for the protection of at least one component of a two wire electrical current loop, which is connected in series with a burden to an AC/DC electrical current source. The two wire electrical current loop has a rectifier a clock signal producer and a switch. The rectifier forms a DC circuit, wherein the component is connected in the DC circuit and wherein the clock signal producer outputs a clock signal to the switch for clocking the DC circuit. The circuit arrangement has a diode, wherein the conduction direction of the diode points from the anode of the diode to the cathode of the diode. The cathode of the diode is connected to the DC circuit, and the anode of the diode is supplied with a periodic or constant voltage from a first voltage source, and the voltage is at least periodically greater than a predetermined threshold value.

Abstract: A simply constructed and cost effectively manufacturable pressure difference sensor, comprising first and second counterelectrodes, a conductive disk arranged between the two counterelectrodes, a first insulating layer, via which an outer edge of the disk is connected with an outer edge of the first counterelectrode to form a first pressure chamber, a second insulating layer, via which an outer edge of the disk is connected with an outer edge of the second counterelectrode to form a second pressure chamber, an opening provided in the first counterelectrode, via which opening the first pressure chamber is contactable with a first pressure, and an opening provided in the second counterelectrode, via which opening the second pressure chamber is contactable with a second pressure.

Abstract: A method for determining a distance to a surface of a medium or to another radar target in a pipe by means of a radar measurement apparatus. Transmitting within the pipe a radar transmission signal frequency modulated according to the FMCW principle, receiving a radar received signal reflected on the surface of the medium or on the other radar target in the pipe back to the radar measurement apparatus, mixing the radar received signal with the radar transmission signal or a signal derived therefrom and producing an intermediate signal. Determining a frequency spectrum of the intermediate signal or a signal derived therefrom by means of fast Fourier transformation and detecting the position of the frequency peak in the frequency spectrum.

Abstract: The invention relates to a system for calibrating a distance measuring device, comprising: a measuring track, on which the distance measuring device is mountable; an areal reflector mountable shiftably on the measuring track for reflecting a measurement signal transmitted from the distance measuring device back to the distance measuring device, so that by means of the distance measuring device a distance measurement for determining a distance (D) between the distance measuring device and the reflector is performable; and a laser distance measuring device mountable on the measuring track for registering tilt of the reflector; wherein means for orienting the distance measuring device are provided, so that measurement signals of the distance measuring device reflected back to the distance measuring device by means of the reflector are received with maximum intensity by the distance measuring device.

Abstract: A ceramic product includes a first ceramic part and a second ceramic part, wherein the first ceramic part is connected with the second ceramic part via a joint, wherein the joint comprises an active hard solder, or braze, characterized in that the joint has an inhomogeneous distribution of the components of the active hard solder, or braze, wherein at least at an interface between the active hard solder, or braze, and the ceramic, the at least one active component of the active hard solder, or braze, is enriched. For manufacture of the product, the active hard solder, or braze, material is provided in such a manner, that at least one surface section of at least one of the ceramic parts is first coated with at least one active component of the active hard solder, or braze, and that on the coated section, an alloy is provided, which, by melting of the alloy during the heating, alloys with the coating and forms a metal joint between the two ceramic parts.

Abstract: An assembly, comprising: a first ceramic body and a second ceramic body connected by means of a joint of an active hard solder, or braze, wherein the active hard solder, or braze, averaged over a continuous main volume, which includes at least 50% of the volume of the joint, has an average composition CM with a liquidus temperature Tl(CM). An edge region of the joint, which contacts at least one of the ceramic bodies, has an average composition CE with a liquidus temperature Tl(CE), which lies not less than 20 K, preferably not less than 50 K, and especially preferably not less than 100 K above the liquidus temperature Tl(CM) of the average composition CM of the main volume.

Abstract: A pressure measuring cell includes at least one ceramic measuring membrane body; and at least one ceramic platform, wherein the measuring membrane body is connected with the platform along an annular, peripheral joint. The joint is formed as a welded connection between the measuring membrane body and the platform, wherein the measuring membrane body has a pressure-dependently deformable measuring membrane. A pressure sensor includes a pressure measuring cell and a housing, wherein the pressure measuring cell is held by the housing, and wherein the pressure measuring cell closes a housing opening, through which the pressure measuring cell communicates with an environment of the housing. A seal is clamped between a sealing surface surrounding the opening of the housing and a sealing surface of the pressure measuring cell.

Abstract: The pressure sensor of the invention includes at least one platform, at least one measuring membrane 30, and a transducer, wherein the measuring membrane comprises a semiconductor material, wherein the measuring membrane, enclosing a pressure chamber, is secured on the platform, wherein the measuring membrane is contactable with at least one pressure and is elastically deformable in a pressure-dependent manner, wherein the transducer provides an electrical signal dependent on deformation of the measuring membrane, wherein the platform has a membrane bed, on which the measuring membrane lies in the case of overload, in order to support the measuring membrane, wherein the membrane bed 21 has a glass layer 20, whose surface faces the measuring membrane and forms a wall of the pressure chamber, wherein the surface of the glass layer has a contour, which is suitable for supporting the measuring membrane 30 in the case of overload, characterized in that the contour of the membrane bed 21 is obtainable by a sagging

Abstract: A method is based on measuring a distance to a reference reflector arranged at a known distance, in order to calibrate and/or monitor a coherent frequency modulation, continuous wave radar, fill-level measuring device, wherein the reference reflector can be reliably identified. To this end, a reference reflector executing oscillations toward the fill-level measuring device with an oscillation frequency is used, which is inserted in the beam path of periodically linearly frequency modulated transmission signals transmitted from the fill-level measuring device. The fill-level measuring device receives fractions of the transmission signals reflected back on reflectors in the container and records based on these received signals and their time correlation relative to the respectively associated transmission signal for each received signal an echo function, which shows the amplitudes of the received signal as a function of the associated position of the associated reflector.

Abstract: A circuit arrangement for converting from a differential signal path (IFoutA - IFoutB) at the output of a mixer to a signal path (Ssin gle) referenced to a reference potential. A controllable switch element is provided in each of the two single signal paths (IFoutA, IFoutB) of the differential signal path (IFoutA-IFoutB), wherein a first memory element is connected in series with the two switch elements, and wherein there is provided for the two switch elements at least one control, which during a charging phase of the first memory element connects the differential signal path (IFoutA-IFoutB) at the output of the mixer with the first memory element and applies the output signal on the differential output of the mixer for charging the first memory element.

Abstract: A vibronic measuring device for determining at least one process variable of a medium. Included are: an oscillatable unit; a transmitting/receiving unit, which, by means of a transmission signal, excites the oscillatable unit to execute mechanical oscillations and receives the mechanical oscillations and converts such into an analog, electrical, received signal; and a control/evaluation unit (MC), which receives the analog, received signal, digitizes such and determines the process variable therefrom and which produces the transmission signal.

Abstract: A method for wireless data transmission between first and second transmission participants, wherein for wireless data transmission between the first and second participants alternately a first protocol and a second protocol are used, wherein the first protocol serves for unidirectional data transmission and the second protocol for bidirectional data transmission.

Abstract: A pressure sensor, including a platform of ceramic, a measuring membrane arranged on the platform, a pressure measuring chamber enclosed in the platform under the measuring membrane, and at least one metal body connected with the platform via a pressure-tight, preferably elastomer free, mechanical connection. Thermomechanical stresses arising from the connection are reduced by features including that the pressure-tight, mechanical connection occurs via an adapting body arranged between the platform and the metal body. The adapting body has a thermal expansion coefficient, which rises in direction (z) extending from the platform to the metal body from a coefficient of expansion corresponding to a thermal coefficient of expansion of the ceramic of the platform to a coefficient of expansion corresponding to the thermal coefficient of expansion of the metal body, and the adapting body is connected by a first joint with the platform and by a second joint with the metal body.

Abstract: An electronic device, comprising” a housing; a magnetic element guideway, the guideway enables positioning of an accommodated magnetic element in at least two magnetic element positions relative to the housing. A control and evaluation circuit in a chamber with two Hall sensors for registering at least one component of a first local magnetic and for providing, a signal, which depends on the local magnetic field registered at the first site. The two Hall sensors have relative to the housing a defined position, wherein the control circuit is suitable based on the signals to detect whether a magnetic element is present in the gateway, and in case yes, based on at least one of the two signals, to detect whether the magnetic element is located in the first defined magnetic element position or has been moved from this position.

Abstract: A method for determining and/or monitoring fill level of a medium in a container with a measuring device, which works according to the travel time measuring method, wherein measurement signals are transmitted toward the medium and are received, wherein from the high-frequency total measurement signal, composed by superimposing the transmitted measurement signals, the reflected wanted echo signals and the disturbance echo signals, a raw echo curve or digitized envelope curve is ascertained. The wanted echo signals and/or the disturbance echo signals in the raw echo curve or the digitized envelope curve are ascertained based on an ideal echo curve, which shows the amplitude of the echo signals of an ideal reflector as a function of the distance from the ideal reflector, and based on the ascertained wanted echo signal the fill level is determined.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a pressure measuring cell, which has a ceramic platform and a ceramic measuring membrane, wherein the measuring membrane is joined with the platform pressure tightly by means of an active hard solder, or braze, wherein the method includes: providing the platform, the measuring membrane and the active hard solder, or braze, positioning the active hard solder, or braze, between the platform and the measuring membrane; melting the active hard solder, or braze, by irradiating the active hard solder, or braze, by means of a laser, wherein the irradiating of the active hard solder, or braze, occurs through the measuring membrane; and letting the active hard solder, or braze, solidify by cooling.

Abstract: A probe unit comprising a probe housing, an at least sectionally rod-shaped, probe electrode, a supplemental electrode, which surrounds the probe electrode at least sectionally coaxially and is isolated from the probe electrode by an electrical insulation. A first securement means, by means of which the supplemental electrode is secured in the probe housing is included, and a contacting module, which is mountable on a rod-shaped section of the probe electrode arranged in the probe housing, and which has a flexible circuit board having at least one first conductive trace for electrically contacting the probe electrode and at least one second conductive trace for electrically contacting the supplemental electrode, and a second securement means for securing the contacting module on the probe electrode are provided.

Abstract: The invention relates to a pressure sensor that can be used at low temperatures—in particular, at temperatures below ?70° C.

Abstract: An apparatus for determining and/or monitoring at least one process variable of a medium, comprising at least one sensor element sensitive for the process variable, a process connection for securing the apparatus to a container or pipeline and a housing connected with the process connection. The apparatus has at least one, first component of metal and at least one, second component of synthetic material, wherein the first component and the second component are embodied as hollow bodies. An annular, first connection region is formed on the first component, wherein on the second component an annular second connection region is formed, whose outer diameter corresponds at least sectionally to the inner diameter of the first connection region.

Abstract: An apparatus for determining and/or monitoring at least one process variable of a medium, comprising: an oscillatable unit, which has a membrane and at least one oscillatable element, wherein the oscillatable element is secured to the membrane at least in a first securement region and in a second securement region. At least one driving/receiving unit, which excites the oscillatable unit to execute mechanical oscillations and which produces a received signal dependent on the oscillations of the oscillatable unit; and a control/evaluation unit, which evaluates the received signal with reference to the process variable. The apparatus is distinguished by features including that the driving/receiving unit is embodied in such a manner and arranged on a rear face of the membrane facing away from the oscillatable element that the oscillatable element executes torsional oscillations.