Abstract: Distance measuring apparatus based on the pulse travel time method comprising a light pulse generator for generating periodic light pulses, a transmitting optical system for transmitting the light pulses, a receiving optical system for receiving the echo pulses produced by reflection of the light pulses at a target object, a photoelectric transducer for converting each echo pulse to an electrical measuring pulse, means for generating electrical reference pulses in predetermined time relationship to the transmitted light pulses, a time transformation stage operating by the sampling method and comprising a sampling pulse generator for generating periodic sampling pulses whose period is slightly different to the period of the transmitted light pulses, a first sampling circuit receiving the sampling pulses and the reference pulses and producing time-transformed reference pulses by periodically sampling a large number of successive reference pulses by means of the sampling pulses, and a second sampling circuit rec

Abstract: Method and apparatus for pulse spacing measurement with periodic pulse pairs, in particular in pulse radar, by measuring the time interval between the instants of the coincidence of a pulse edge with a trigger level which is set in a predetermined ratio to the peak value of the pulse, characterized in that the pulse pairs are sampled by the sampling method with the aid of sampling pulses whose recurrence period is smaller by a predetermined small time difference than the recurrence period of the pulse pairs, that for each time-transformed pulse obtained by the sampling the peak value is determined and a trigger level having a predetermined ratio to the peak value is set, and that the time interval between the instants of the coincidence of the trailing pulse edge of each time-transformed pulse and the associated trigger level is measured.

Abstract: A method and a circuit arrangement for time stabilization of scanning pulses for the stroboscopic sampling of periodically recurring signals. Stroboscopic sampling is performed by means of scanning pulses having a repetition period slightly different from the period of the recurring signals to be scanned. The signals to be scanned are transmitted over a transmission line in which a measuring section of known length is defined by the distance between two tapping points to each of which a sampling circuit is connected. The signals transmitted over the transmission line are sampled stroboscopically by means of the scanning pulses whereby time-transformed signals are obtained. These time-transformed signals are separated by a time interval corresponding to the transit time of the signals in the measuring section multiplied by the time-transformation factor.

Abstract: A capacitive measured value transducer for ascertaining the level of filling in a container. A probe electrode is combined with a circuit board carrying the associated electronic circuit into a unit which is suspended in the container on a cable provided with an external insulating cover. The circuit board is accommodated in a metal tube which is connected at one end to a hollow insulating member which, at the end remote from the metal tube, carries the probe electrode which is connected, by means of a wire extending through the hollow interior of the insulating member, to the circuit board which, in its turn, is connected at the opposite end of the metal tube to the conductors of the cable. The rigid unit consisting of the probe electrode, the insulating member and the metal tube together with the end section of the cable is covered by a continuous homogeneous sheathing of insulating material.

Abstract: Apparatus for fixing a sonic or ultrasonic transducer to a container. The transducer is arranged axially displaceable in the recess in a holder. A spring is mounted in the recess, which attempts to urge the transducer outwards. On both sides of the transducer, the holder is connected to a clamping strip for passing around the periphery of the container. At least one of the two connections between the holder and the clamping strip is formed by a clamping device for tightening the clamping strip. The clamping device includes a spring determining the clamping force of the clamping strip.

Abstract: An electromechanical filling level measuring apparatus for the intermittent measurement of the filling level in a container with the help of a measuring tape that is wound on a spool driven by an electric motor and to the lower end of which a sensing weight is secured. Switching means are provided for the reversal and for the switching off of the electric motor that respond respectively when the sensing weight encounters the surface of the filling medium during paying-out of the measuring tape and when an upper limiting position is reached during the winding-in of the measuring tape. A detector device determines and indicates the length of the measuring tape paid out or wound in.

Abstract: High frequency transformer built from coaxial conductor sections, wherein a pair of coaxial conductor sections of equal length have external conductors which are insulated from each other. The input end of the external conductor of the first coaxial conductor section is connected with the input end of the internal conductor of the second coaxial conductor section and both of the unconnected input end internal and external conductors form input connections. The output end of the internal conductor of the first coaxial conductor section is connected with the output end of the external conductor of the second coaxial conductor section and both of the unconnected output end internal and external conductors form output connections.

Abstract: A microwave antenna having an exponentially expanding horn of circular outlet cross-section. The inlet opening to the horn has a rectangular cross-section. In a transition region from the inlet opening up to the point at which the circular horn cross-section circumscribes the rectangular cross-section, each cross-section of the horn corresponds to the combination of the exponentially expanding circular cross-section and the rectangular cross-section.

Abstract: Apparatus for the generation and radiation of microwave radiation including a microwave oscillator having a cavity resonator directly coupled with the input of a horn resonator by way of a first apertured diaphragm. There is arranged within the horn radiator a second apertured diaphragm disposed at a distance from the first apertured diaphragm such that together with the first diaphragm it forms a filter resonator.

Abstract: An ultrasonic filling position limit switch having disposed in the container at the full level thereof, at least one ultrasonic transducer for sending out ultrasonic pulses and for receiving echo pulses reflected off the opposite container wall. An amplifier of the electric output signals of the transducer is connected to a threshold limit switch which provides an output signal when the amplifier output signal exceeds a predetermined threshold value. The amplifier output is fed back to an amplifier control input by means of an amplifier control circuit which seeks to maintain the amplifier output signal at an adjustable constant nominal value. A control device blocks the control circuit for the duration of time in each sending period required for the sending out of the ultrasonic sending pulses and for receiving the echo pulses.