Abstract: A machine for teaching students to read is equipped with a visual display, a manual keyboard for entering alphabet letter responses, correctness and incorrectness indicators of display responses, and conditioning means for initiating particular grammar characteristic sequences to be practiced. The machine also includes a repertoire of words and letter combinations corresponding to word roots encoded in an electronic form and stored in digital memory. A word set is assembled in response to an instruction from the conditioning means concerning the word structure characteristic sequence to be practiced. Words or word roots are selected at random from the assembled word set for display or partial display. The student, through the keyboard,is thereby able to identify particular vowels and consonants, long and short vowel sounds, soft and hard consonant sounds, determine the number of syllables in a word, identify misspelled words, supply missing letters, and identify words as to their grammatical parts of speech.

Abstract: An electronically operated character display having discrete and separate illuminable elements is divided into upper, central and lower sections, each section having a plurality of illuminable elements. The elements are actuated in response to electronic codes corresponding to alphabet characters. Codes for lower case characters having ascending portions enable combinations of illuminable elements in the central and upper sections of the character display. Code for lower case characters having descending portions actuate combinations of elements in the central and lower sections, while codes for lower case characters having neither ascenders or descenders actuate combinations of elements in the central section.

Abstract: A machine for teaching students to read is equipped with a visual display, a manual keyboard for entering alphabet letter responses, correctness and incorrectness indicators of display responses, and conditioning means for initiating particular grammar characteristic sequences to be practiced. The machine also includes a repertoire of words and letter combinations corresponding to word roots encoded in an electronic form and stored in digital memory. A word set is assembled in response to an instruction from the conditioning means concerning the grammar characteristic sequence to be practiced. Words or word roots are selected at random from the assembled word set for display or partial display. The student, through the keyboard, is thereby able to identify particular vowels and consonants, long and short vowel sounds, soft and hard consonant sounds, determine the number of syllables in a word, identify misspelled words, supply missing letters, and identify words as to their grammatical parts of speech.

Abstract: Apparatus for training pupils in arithmetic present arithmetic problems at least some of which call for an answer having more than one digit. The answer is received from the pupil in a digit-by-digit manner. In the case of a two-digit answer, the correctness of the first digit is determined prior to the receipt of the second digit of the particular answer. Any incorrectness of the first digit is indicated to the pupil and the correct answer is also displayed to the pupil before receipt of the second digit from him.

Abstract: Apparatus for deriving two output numbers generate a first number and provide a second number having a plurality of digit places by subjecting the first number to a predetermined mathematical operation, and derive one of the two desired output numbers from a first digit place of the second number and the other of the two desired output numbers from a different second digit place of the second number.