Abstract: Disclosed are systems and methods that include a flow-cell that includes porous conductive material(s) that provides a working electrode(s), an inlet connected to the flow-cell to deliver a solution containing an analyte(s), an outlet connected to the flow-cell to allow the solution to exit the flow-cell, a counter electrode positioned proximate to the outlet, and a voltage source(s) coupled to the working electrode(s) and the counter electrode. The methods can include delivering a solution containing an analyte(s) through an inlet to a flow-cell that includes porous conductive material(s) that provides a working electrode(s), connecting the flow-cell to an outlet for allowing the solution to exit the flow-cell, placing a counter-electrode proximate the outlet, and supplying a voltage from a voltage source(s) to the working electrode(s) and/or the counter-electrode.

Abstract: Methods for determining the inventory of small process and control molecules (The Metabolome) and the interaction of the Metabolome with the Genome and Proteome (Metabolomic databases). Methods for evaluating Metabolomic databases for biochemical markers that correlate with outcome of a disease, allow monitoring of therapy and direct therapy. Methods for evaluating Metabolomic databases for lead therapeutic molecules and target systems for therapeutic manipulation. Methods of evaluating all relationships in a Metabolomic database for outcome of disease or therapy. The methods of Metabolomic database evaluation have application to stroke. Outcome predicting and therapy directing or monitoring markers of Methylation and oxidative processes in stroke have been determined. Methylation processes have been identified as targets for therapeutic development. A novel class of potential therapeutic agents that bind to DNA have been identified in stroke.

Abstract: A sample pre-separation and concentration system for detecting low levels of analytes in highly complex mixtures includes a plurality of trapping columns having a high selectivity for classes of compounds of interest, upstream of a standard separation column. The system may be used, for example, to measure urinary 8 hydroxy 2′ deoxyguanoisine.

Abstract: A method of pre-treating carbon or graphite material to increase porosity and render pore size more uniform includes etching by electrochemically pulsing the material in an acid saline solution and optionally steam treating.

Abstract: Disorders are diagnosed by analyzing biological samples of ad libitum-fed and dietary-restricted individuals to generate frequency distribution patterns representative of molecular constituents of the samples, and comparing the patterns.

Abstract: The health condition of a living organism is detected by electrochemically analyzing samples from selected areas of the body of said living organism for elevated free levels of nucleotide excision products resulting from DNA or RNA damage.

Abstract: A hyphenated technique based on the combination of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), electrochemical (coulometric) oxidation (EC) and electrospray ionization (ESI)- or atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI)- mass spectrometry (MS), allows access of selected groups of low and medium polarity analytes to ESI- or APCI- mass spectrometry after HPLC by electrochemical treatment of the sample.

Abstract: A sample pre-separation and concentration system for detecting low levels of analytes in highly complex mixtures includes a plurality of trapping columns having a high selectivity for classes of compounds of interest, upstream of a standard separation column. The system may be used, for example, to measure urinary 8 hydroxy 2′ deoxyguanoisine.

Abstract: A method for diagnosing disorders in a subject organism, in which fluid samples from normal and abnormal organisms are analyzed to generate electrical signal patterns representative of molecular constituents of the samples. A data base of electrical signal patterns representative of frequency distribution of sample constituents from the abnormal organisms having known categories of disorders and control samples from normal organisms are created, and a fluid sample taken from the subject organism is analyzed by comparing it to the data base for conformity to the electrical signal patterns representative of the frequency distribution. The invention has particular applicability to assisting in the diagnosis of degenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, Huntington's Disease, schizophrenia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Progressive Supernuclear Palsy.

Abstract: A method for diagnosing disorders in a subject organism, in which fluid samples from normal and abnormal organisms are analyzed to generate electrical signal patterns representative of molecular constituents of the samples. A data base of electrical signal patterns representative of frequency distribution of sample constituents from the abnormal organisms having known categories of disorders and control samples from normal organisms are created, and a fluid sample taken from the subject organism is analyzed by comparing it to the data base for conformity to the electrical signal patterns representative of the frequency distribution. The invention has particular applicability to assisting in the diagnosis of degenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, Huntington's Disease, schizophrenia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Progressive Supernuclear Palsy.

Abstract: An improved electrochemical detection cell comprising a palladium reference electrode.

Abstract: A combination sampling/electrochemical analysis cell comprises an enclosure having a hollow therein, at least one inlet leading to the hollow, a vent leading from the hollow, at least one testing electrode, at least one counter electrode, and at least one reference electrode, all disposed at least in part in the hollow. A testing reagent is also contained in the hollow.

Abstract: A combination sampling/electrochemical analysis cell comprises an enclosure having a hollow therein, at least one inlet leading to the hollow, a vent leading from the hollow, at least one testing electrode, at least one counter electrode, and at least one reference electrode, all disposed at least in part in the hollow. A testing reagent is also contained in the hollow.

Abstract: A method for establishing a treatment protocol for correcting an abnormal condition or disease in a living organism is described. The method comprises the steps of analyzing body fluids from normal and abnormal individuals to generate analysis patterns of the normal and abnormal fluids, comparing the patterns to determine differences in the patterns, and establishing a treatment protocol for the abnormal individual through chemical or metabolic therapy which treating will normalize the abnormal pattern.

Abstract: The instant invention provides in one aspect porous frit electrodes having improved efficiencies. In another aspect the invention provides inert metal reference and/or counter electrodes a method of reducing diffusion effects on a metal terminal counter or reference electrode and the electrodes so produced.

Abstract: A method for establishing a treatment protocol for correcting an abnormal condition of disease in a living organism is described. The method comprises the steps of analyzing body fluids from normal and abnormal individuals to generate analysis patterns of the normal and abnormal fluids, comparing the patterns to determine differences in the patterns, and establishing a treatment protocol for the abnormal individual through chemical or metabolic therapy which treating will normalize the abnormal pattern.

Abstract: The instant invention provides in one aspect porous frit electrodes having improved efficiencies. In another aspect the invention provides inert metal reference and/or counter electrodes a method of reducing diffusion effects on a metal terminal counter or reference electrode and the electrodes so produced.

Abstract: In electrochemical flow through sensors comprising at least one cell for the passage of a fluid for analysis therethrough, the method of optimizing the flow pattern and signal-to-noise ratio comprising the steps of loading the cell under high pressure with a first fluid which will set to a solid material; before the solid material solidifies, causing a second fluid immiscible with the first fluid to flow through the cell at low pressure to find the optimum flow path therethrough; and, with the immiscible fluid in the cell, allowing the first fluid to solidify. Bandspreading is improved because any offset, junctions, or potential traps that would induce drag or trapping effects on a test fluid flowing through the cell are reduced in size and/or number and/or eliminated. The signal-to-noise is improved as the result of filling spaces in the cell that may contribute to noise but do not contribute significantly to useful signal because of their location relative to the optimum flow path.

Abstract: A coulometric flow cell having a defined flow path, and a working electrode in the form of a porous conductive matrix of a selected electro-conductive material in finely divided or powdered form, confined within a segment of the flow path, is described. The cell has particular utility for use with a liquid chromatography separation, and when placed in line upstream of sample injection, will remove selected electroactive components in the carrier fluid, and thereby reduce background level of contaminants reaching the column and eluting from the column. The cell may also be placed in line following sample injection whereby it may be employed to electrochemically modify selected materials in the mobile phase whereby to change their chromatographic characteristics. The cell also may be advantageously employed for direct testing or measuring of a sample solution.

Abstract: An electrochemical measuring system which effects, measures and sorts charge transfer reactions of selected substances in a sample solution is provided. The system includes a novel electrode which is adapted to measure simultaneously on at least two electrodes at least two electrolytic potentials with reference to a reference potential. In a preferred form the electrode comprises a hollow, cylindrical body formed of an electrically insulating material. The electrode is open at least at one end and has a generally smooth cylindrical inner surface. A plurality of electrically discrete active electrode segments are mounted on the inner surface of the electrode with their active surfaces substantially flush with the generally smooth cylindrical inner surface.