Abstract: A TEM sample holder enables simultaneous cooling and RF irradiation of a sample. The sample is suspended in a hole that penetrates through a sample stage formed by a dielectric plate having a lower metallic ground layer and an upper metallic lead. The sample stage is supported by an evacuated hollow tube extending from a cryogenic chamber, such as a liquid nitrogen or helium Dewar. A coaxial conductor extends from an ambient connector through the cryogenic chamber and hollow tube to the sample stage, a center conductor and surrounding metallic shield thereof being in thermal and electrical communication with the metallic lead and metallic ground layer respectively of the sample stage, and the metallic shield being is in direct thermal communication with the cryogenic chamber. The coaxial conductor thereby enables simultaneous cooling and RF irradiation of the sample during TEM measurements. Embodiments include a temperature sensor and heater.

Abstract: In embodiments, a linac electron beam excited X-ray source weighing less than 50 pounds, and having a volume less than 1 cubic foot, injects electrons from an RF-excited, diamond tip cathode into a dielectric accelerator tube of diameter less than 10 mm, where the electrons are RF-accelerated to 1-4 MeV. A focusing channel having a plurality of annular permanent magnets can surround the dielectric tube, and a vacuum can be maintained in the tube by a getter pump. The accelerating RF can be 10 GHz or higher. The X-ray source can be powered by a rechargeable battery for more than an hour. Embodiments can be transported within a case having a display attached to an interior surface of its lid. An X-ray head can be removed from the case and extended up to 10 feet while remaining interconnected with the case by a flexible conduit.

Abstract: In embodiments, a linac electron beam excited X-ray source weighing less than 50 pounds, and having a volume less than 1 cubic foot, injects electrons from an RF-excited, diamond tip cathode into a dielectric accelerator tube of diameter less than 10 mm, where the electrons are RF-accelerated to 1-4 MeV. A focusing channel having a plurality of annular permanent magnets can surround the dielectric tube, and a vacuum can be maintained in the tube by a getter pump. The accelerating RF can be 10 GHz or higher. The X-ray source can be powered by a rechargeable battery for more than an hour. Embodiments can be transported within a case having a display attached to an interior surface of its lid. An X-ray head can be removed from the case and extended up to 10 feet while remaining interconnected with the case by a flexible conduit.