Abstract: Disclosed are energy storage cells and battery systems made therefrom which can provide a regulated, constant voltage to a load independent of the charge state of the cells and other factors, such as cell polarization, which may cause the battery's output voltage to vary. In an illustrative embodiment, the battery system includes a dc-dc converter and a reference voltage circuit. The converter draws power from one or more energy storage cells and upconverts or downcoverts to provide an output voltage that matches the reference voltage.

Abstract: A battery rack system for stationary power applications is provided. The rack systems includes a rack assembly configured so as to be seismically rated for UBC Zone IV requirements. The rack assembly has a plurality of shelves which are supported by a rack frame such that each shelf along with the rack frame defines a respective cell-receiving area having a front opening. Each shelf has at least one associated cell restraint that is removably connected to the rack assembly. The restraint spans across the front opening to the respective cell-receiving area so as to restrain movement of a cell arranged therein. The system includes at least one channel disposed within the footprint of the rack frame which extends so as to provide a passage between adjacent cell-receiving areas for accommodating wires used to couple cells stored in the rack system together.