Abstract: A method for constructing an expert network apparatus from a specific rule-based expert system, having a certainty factor, through the use of a first-order network structure comprising regular node structures and weighted connections and a second-order network comprising regular nodes, operation nodes and connections. Also disclosed are related methods for implementing backpropagation learning on an acyclic, event-driven, expert network apparatus and for improving the rule-base of a rule-based expert system. Further disclosed is an event-driven expert network of high-level nodes and methods for implementing backpropagation learning thereon.

Abstract: A 14-hydroxy group is introduced into a morphinan structure by singlet oxygen reaction with a novel dienol ester of an N-substituted-3-O-alkylnormorphinone. The resultant N-substituted-3-O-alkyl-141-hydroxynormorphinone is also a novel compound which may be catalytically hydrogenated to produce a novel N-substituted-3-O-alkylnoroxymorphone. The latter intermediate may be converted to a 3-O-alkylnoroxymorphone by hydrolytic removal of the N-substituent and to noroxymorphone by both hydrolysis and O-dealkylation.The dienol ester intermediate is prepared by N-demethylation of codeine or other 3-O-alkylmorphine by reaction with a cyanogen halide or haloformate ester, followed by oxidation of the resultant N-substituted-3-O-alkylnormorphine to an N-substituted-3-O-alkylnormorphinone and esterification of the latter with an acid anhydride or acid halide.

Abstract: A 14-hydroxy group is introduced into a morphinan structure by singlet oxygen reaction with a novel dienol ester of an N-substituted-3-O-alkylnormorphinone. To carry out the singlet oxygen reaction, the enolate substrate may be contacted with molecular oxygen in the presence of light and a light sensitizing agent or in the presence of a chemical reagent for forming singlet oxygen from molecular oxygen.

Abstract: A diffraction camera type imaging device for x-rays/gamma rays/neutrons employs at least one single crystal bent to conform to the radius of a sphere of radius 2R and ground to fit snugly on a Rowland sphere of radius R will, when rotated about an axis normal to the axis of symmetry of the crystal or translated rectilinearly along said axis of symmetry, focus, by Bragg diffraction, a two-dimensional x-ray/gamma ray/neutron radiating object to a two dimensional image.

Abstract: N-acyl-N-norsalutaridines can be made by oxidative coupling of N-acyl-N-norreticulines using thallium tristrifluoroacetate or a coordinating agent and an oxidizing agent. The N-acyl-N-norsalutaridines can be converted to thebaine, N-northebaine, and N-substituted-N-northebaines, which can be converted to opium alkaloids and related compounds.