Abstract: The temperature of an electrically heated element is controlled by applying a current until the element reaches a threshold temperature, preferably determined by the expanded length of the elements, and then applying a predetermined voltage-current condition for a selected period of time. This is followed by repeated applications of such voltage-current conditions in response to the cooling of the heating element back to the threshold temperature.
Abstract: Plating current in a silver-recovery process is controlled as a function of the cell voltage of the system taken in the absence of plating current, and held as a control determinant. The control is modified to produce certain characteristics at low silver concentration to further reduce sulfiding.