Abstract: The invention discloses three polynucleotide sequences for the fermentative production of D-pantothenic acid. These polynucleotide sequences are genes named panB, encoding a ketopantoate hydroxymethyltransferase, panC, encoding pantothenate synthase, and ilvD, encoding dihydroxy-acid dehydratase. The genes panB and panC are found on the same operon, panBC, while the gene ilvD is found in a separate operon. These genes can be used separately or together to enhance the production of D-pantothenic acid in microorganisms, especially in Corynebacterium.

Abstract: A magnetron cathode and sputtering system in which the cathode assembly includes a diaphragm arrangement with one or more diaphragms which overlie at least the edge of the cathode at the dark side region of the gas discharge so that plasmas cannot form between the diaphragm and target. An improved sputtering is thereby obtained in a high pressure mode of operation.