Abstract: The content of casein in milk is determined by two measurements of infrared absorbance in a milk sample by infrared spectrometry before and after a separation of the casein. The casein content is calculated by use of absorbance data recorded during the two absorbance measurements. The new method is considerable faster than the known wet-chemical methods, such as the normal wet chemical reference method for casein determination in milk using a Kjeldahl nitrogen determination of the milk sample, then a coagulation of the milk, and finally a Kjeldahl nitrogen determination of the filtrate. Further the new method provides a more reliable accuracy than the know determination using a single infrared analysis of a milk sample.

Abstract: The invention provides a method for standardising an infrared spectrometer based on spectral patterns of constituents of atmospheric air naturally occurring in the spectrometer. The invention also provides a spectrometer applying the method. The method selects a spectral pattern in a recorded spectrum and determines a wavelength dependent position value for a feature, such as the centre of the pattern. This value is compared to a reference value that may be obtained from a spectrum recorded by a master instrument, and a standardisation formula can be determined. The absorption peaks from CO2 (g) around 2350 cm?1 are preferred as the selected pattern. The method renders the use of reference samples unnecessary and allows for the standardisation to be performed simultaneously with the recording of a spectrum of a sample of interest.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of determining a constituent of a sample and more specifically, to a method of correcting an absorbance value for a spectrometer. The method is especially applicable in connection with spectrometric analysis instruments for quantitatively determining the chemical composition of fluids, e.g. the content of fat, protein lactose or urea, in food products, especially in raw milk or dairy products. The method is based upon a measurement of one or more selected ranges of a spectrum, providing an absorption spectrum of the product. The method may be applicable in connection with all spectroscopic instruments giving rise to specific ranges of a spectrum, such as UV, VIS, NIR, IR, NMR, MS, etc.). Typically, the spectrum will be a MID-IR absorption spectrum.

Abstract: The invention relates to measuring instruments, preferably of the kind measuring absorbances, in an object, of electromagnetic radiation in at least two spectral ranges, such as IR instruments, and DXR, meaning Dual X-ray instruments, and more specifically to the determination of properties of food or feed, such as the fat content in milk or meat. The invention relates in particular to a method of providing a correction for a slave instrument of the kind measuring properties of an object by exposing the object to electromagnetic radiation, in particular X-rays, in at least two spectral ranges and obtaining one or more object responses thereto. The responses obtained being preferably based on detecting attenuation and/or reflection and/or scatter of the electromagnetic radiation in/from the object by use of one or more detectors and are obtained in a form where they express properties of the object either directly or via a transformation.

Abstract: The invention relates to measuring instruments, preferably of the kind measuring absorbances, in an object, of electromagnetic radiation in at least two spectral ranges, such as IR instruments, and DXR, meaning Dual X-ray instruments, and more specifically to the determination of properties of food or feed, such as the fat content in milk or meat. The invention relates in particular to a method of providing a correction for a slave instrument of the kind measuring properties of an object by exposing the object to electromagnetic radiation, in particular X-rays, in at least two spectral ranges and obtaining one or more object responses thereto. The responses obtained being preferably based on detecting attenuation and/or reflection and/or scatter of the electromagnetic radiation in/from the object by use of one or more detectors and are obtained in a form where they express properties of the object either directly or via a transformation.

Abstract: An method and apparatus for recovering a conductive metal from solution. The apparatus includes a first container for holding the solution, and a second container placed in liquid communication with the first container, a first electrode placed within the second container, and a second electrode composed of a thin film applied to the inside surface of the second container. The film may include as its main constituent the same metal as that to be recovered from solution. During the reaction, solution is circulated from the first container into the second container and back. A power supply is connected, positive to the first electrode and negative to the second electrode, causing the metal from the solution to be deposited on the second electrode, lining the inside surface of the second container with the metal to be recovered.