Abstract: Described herein are monopolar treatment delivery systems, and methods for use therewith. Such a system can include an energy delivery electrode, a dispersive electrode, a reference electrode, and a generator in electrical communication with the energy delivery electrode, the dispersive electrode, and the reference electrode. The generator is configured to deliver an impedance measurement signal to target tissue using the energy delivery electrode and the dispersive electrode, while the energy delivery electrode is proximate to the target tissue and the dispersive electrode is remote from the target tissue. The generator is also configured to measure a voltage between the energy delivery electrode and the reference electrode, and to monitor impedance of the target tissue based on a current of the impedance measurement signal and the voltage between the energy delivery electrode and the reference electrode. The monitored impedance can be used, e.g., to deduce a treatment effect outcome.