Abstract: An electrical element which comprises at least one circuit component consisting of a solid ionic conductor, and wherein the electron flow through the ionic conductor is supressed without substantially hindering the ion flow therethrough, by at least one pn junction formed across the direction of ion flow. The pn junction is formed by at least one of p-conductive and n-conductive zones in or adjoining the ionic conductor and which is capable of being reversed-biased relative to the electron flow. The p-conductive and n-conductive zones comprise a material conductive of the same ions as the ionic conductor.

Abstract: A resonator, including a radiation generator, mirrors located at either side of the radiation generator in the path of radiation emitted from the generator, and a coupling means are arranged to couple primary radiation of predetermined frequency into the resonator and extract secondary radiation therefrom at a frequency which is shifted with respect to the frequency of the primary radiation, the frequency shift arising due to parametric interaction of the primary radiation. In accordance with the invention, the coupling means includes dichroic mirrors located in the path of radiation of the optical resonator at an inclination with respect to the path and having the characteristic of being highly reflective for radiation of the wavelength of the primary radiation and highly transmissive to radiation of a wavelength of the secondary radiation.

Abstract: A D.C. to D.C. voltage converter for producing a regulated, adjustable D.C. output voltage from an unregulated D.C. input voltage. An inverter produces alternating rectangular output pulses from the unregulated D.C. input, which are rectified to produce the regulated D.C. output voltage, with the timing and duration of the inverter output pulses being determined by alternating rectangular control pulses produced by a control pulse generator.The control pulse generator includes an operational amplifier having an inverting input connected to a positive D.C. reference voltage, and a non-inverting input connected to the slide connection of a potentiometer connected between the regulated positive D.C. output voltage and ground. A diode is connected between the amplifier output and ground to block current flow to ground, thus assuring that the amplifier output error signal is essentially always positive, and is only generated when the non-inverting input voltage exceeds the referenced voltage.