Abstract: A sensor for measuring a concentration of a respiratory gas component is disclosed herein. The sensor comprises at least one radiation source configured to emit radiation and at least one radiation sensing detector configured to receive radiation and provide a signal indicative of the concentration of the gas component. The sensor further comprises an electronics board configured to receive and process the signal to determine the concentration, and an energy storage device configured to supply energy to the radiation source. The electronics board is configured to choose from among at least two different modes, one being an operation mode allowing sufficient energy supply to the radiation source, and another being a rest mode allowing reduced energy supply compared to the operation mode to limit radiation for saving energy within the breathing cycle. A gas analyzer and method for measuring a concentration of a respiratory gas component are also provided.

Abstract: A sensor for measuring a concentration of a respiratory gas component is disclosed herein. The sensor comprises at least one radiation source configured to emit radiation and at least one radiation sensing detector configured to receive radiation and provide a signal indicative of the concentration of the gas component. The sensor further comprises an electronics board configured to receive and process the signal to determine the concentration, and an energy storage device configured to supply energy to the radiation source. The electronics board is configured to choose from among at least two different modes, one being an operation mode allowing sufficient energy supply to the radiation source, and another being a rest mode allowing reduced energy supply compared to the operation mode to limit radiation for saving energy within the breathing cycle. A gas analyzer and method for measuring a concentration of a respiratory gas component are also provided.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method, system and computer program product for reconstructing a model of an object of projection data advantageously gathered by X-ray imaging. It is characteristic for the invention, that after a point of at least one object of interest from at least two projection images is marked as a seed point, where said point locates inside the object of interest in the corresponding projection image, the model of the object of projection data is reconstructed by adding plurality of elementary object elements around the marked seed point in each direction until a criteria, such as likelihood criteria, is fulfilled in said direction, where priori information relating to the object of interest is connected with said elementary object element.

Abstract: The invention relates to a probe and a method for use with a probe, which produces signals indicative of the light absorption of arterial blood at least at a first light wave-length and at a second light wavelength. In order to indicate if the probe is not properly attached to a tissue site the method comprises measuring with at a third wave-length. The third wavelength is chosen so that human tissue is less transparent than at the first and second wavelengths.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for producing a three-dimensional digital x-ray image by using digital x-ray images taken of the object from at least two different directions as input for a reconstruction algorithm. In the method, at least one of the images used as input is taken as a tomosynthetic slice image of a region of interest (5) in the object (3) of imaging.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and apparatus for measuring the responsiveness of a subject with lowered level of consciousness. Physiological signal data is obtained from the subject and a first measure indicative of the level of consciousness of the subject is derived from the physiological signal data. In order to obtain an objective measure of the responsiveness of the subject and to improve the specificity of patient monitoring, a sequence of the first measure is recorded without inducing arousals in the subject and a second measure indicative of a responsiveness of the subject is determined based on the recorded sequence. The determination of the second measure may be independent of the unintentional stimuli that cause arousals in the patient or the stimuli causing such arousals in the clinical environment may be detected to find out their effect on the first measure.

Abstract: The invention relates to the determination of the clinical stress of a subject. In order to bring about an uncomplicated and cost-effective method for monitoring the stress status of a subject, plethysmographic signal data is acquired from the subject and a first measurement signal is derived, which is indicative of a predetemined feature of the respiration modulation appearing in the said signal data. An index signal is then formed based on the first measurement signal and the index signal is employed as an index indicative of the clinical stress of the subject.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method, system and computer program product for reconstructing a model of an object of projection data advantageously gathered by X-ray imaging. It is characteristic for the invention, that after a point of at least one object of interest from at least two projection images is marked as a seed point, where said point locates inside the object of interest in the corresponding projection image, the model of the object of projection data is reconstructed by adding plurality of elementary object elements around the marked seed point in each direction until a criteria, such as likelihood criteria, is fulfilled in said direction, where priori information relating to the object of interest is connected with said elementary object element.

Abstract: Sensor arrangement for measuring anesthesia parameters from the head of a patient the sensor arrangement comprising a base element and an array of electrodes and an optical sensor for monitoring substances in tissues. In the sensor arrangement all electrodes and sensors are connected to a single connector or a series of connectors attached to the base element for connecting the sensor arrangement to a patient monitor.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method and an apparatus for measuring Functional Residual Capacity (CO). Further, it relates to a method and an apparatus for measuring cardiac output (CO). The method comprises the steps of determining the amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide being inhaled and exhaled during at least two breathing cycles, identifying at least one difference between said breathing cycles, and estimating the FRC and/or CO based on the determined uptake of oxygen and excretion of carbon dioxide and said identified difference.

Abstract: The invention concerns a method and an apparatus for monitoring a condition of a patient under anesthesia or sedation. For this purpose there is a sensor for acquiring a signal that represents peripheral cardiovascular flow in the patient. Successive heart beat pulses are detected and predetermined pulse wave parameters are measured repeatedly in said signal, and predefined pulse wave parameters within said heart beat pulses are measured, too. At first, said predetermined pulse wave parameters in a number of successive heart beat pulses are compared in respect to possible occurrence of a substantial alteration. At second, if the alteration is noticed, a statistical reference value is calculated by deriving values from at least said predefined pulse wave parameters, and the change(s) between at least one predefined pulse wave parameter and said reference value is quantified. The results and/or intermediate results are finally displayed and/or recorded.

Abstract: Liquid separator for a gas analyzer and method for separating a liquid component from gas. The liquid separator comprises an input passage having an input end and an output end, an output passage having an input end and an output end, a wall formed of a gas permeable and liquid impermeable material separating the input passage and the output passage, means for introducing a gas sample containing liquid through the input end into the input passage with a first portion of the gas passing through said wall to the output passage and a second portion of the gas and the liquid remaining in the input passage, a vacuum means for flowing the first portion of the gas through the output end from the output passage to a measuring unit, a first conduit connecting the output end of the input passage and for conducting the second portion of the gas and the liquid furtheron with vacuum means.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and a system for a medical monitoring system, in which method the functions of a patient are measured, and the change in the electric activity of the patient are observed. In the method, the electrocardiogram (EKG), electroencephalogram (EEG), and the impedance cardiograph signal (IKG) are being measured with one piece of measuring equipment.

Abstract: The invention relates to a patient cable for medical measurements performed in connection with Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). In order to eliminate the risk of thermal injuries without compromising the signal-to-noise ratio more than what is required for patient safety, the patient cable comprises two successive cable elements having different resistance characteristics. The second cable element, which is connected by the first cable element to the patient, has a total resistance increased from a normal high-conductivity resistance value of a patient cable to suppress antenna resonances in the second cable element. The first cable element, which is connected to the electrodes on the skin of the patient, has a total resistance substantially greater than that of the second cable element to prevent electromagnetically induced currents from flowing to the patient and to prevent excessive heating of the cable by electromagnetic induction.

Abstract: The invention relates to an arrangement in connection with a feedback control system, the arrangement comprising a controllable device (10), a measuring device (7), a controlling device (9) and a user interface by which the controlling device (9) can be monitored by means of set values. The measuring device (7) is adapted to measure a measuring value (8) from a measuring point, which measuring value is dependent on the operation of the controllable device and the controlling device (9) is adapted to monitor the controllable device (10) on the basis of the measuring value and set values. To improve safety, the arrangement comprises means (15a, 15b, 15c) adapted to feed a reference signal (16) to the measuring device (7) periodically.

Abstract: A conductor, especially a conductor for measuring bio-electric signals occurring in an MRI environment, which comprises an electrically conductive part made of a non-metal material and a sheath part arranged over it. To produce a light and flexible conductor, the impedance of the conductive part is in the range of 5 to 300 kilo-ohm. The sheath part is arranged to endure a required voltage and the conductor comprises a support part which is made of a substantially inelastic material.

Abstract: The invention relates to a medical X-ray device 5 arrangement for producing three-dimensional information of an object 4 in a medical X-ray imaging medical X-ray device arrangement comprising an X-ray source 2 for X-radiating the object from different directions and a detector 6 for detecting the X-radiation to form projection data of the object 4.

Abstract: A grounding arrangement in a system using the same connector for 5- and 12-lead connection in ECG-measurement. If 5-lead configuration is used, the connector elements of the 12-lead connection are used for grounding of lead wire shields through a current limiting circuit exhibiting non-linear voltage-current characteristics.

Abstract: A method and an arrangement for predicting perioperative myocardial ischemia. Heart rate measurements are carried out for example at night- and day-time before the operation to obtain heart rate data. The heart rate data obtained is carried to a device configured to carry out heart rate variability analysis (HRV). Dynamic heart rate variability analysis is carried out by utilizing fractal analysis of the heart rate data and fractal correlation properties obtained from the measured heart rate data are examined to find considerable lowering of the fractal correlation properties during for example night-time when compared to day-time.

Abstract: A closed loop method and apparatus for controlling the administration of an hypnotic drug to a patient. Electroencephalographic (EEG) signal data is obtained from the patient. At least one measure of the complexity of the EEG signal data is derived from the data. The complexity measure may comprise the entropy of the EEG signal data. The EEG signal data complexity measure is used as the feedback signal in a control loop for an anesthetic delivery unit to control hypnotic drug administration to the patient in a manner that provides the desired hypnotic level in the patient. An EEG signal complexity measure obtained from the cerebral activity of the patient can be advantageously used in conjunction with a measure of patient electromyographic (EMG) activity to improve the response time of hypnotic level determination and of the feedback control of drug administration. A pharmacological transfer function may be used, along with pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic models.