Abstract: A method for delaminating a graphene layer from a metal catalyst substrate. The method includes depositing the graphene layer on the metal catalyst substrate to form a layered structure and soaking the layered structure in a water-based solution comprising water and a water-miscible organic solvent such that the water-based solution intercalates between the graphene layer and the metal catalyst substrate and oxidizes the metal catalyst substrate for delamination of the graphene layer from the metal catalyst substrate.

Abstract: A method of making 2D material such as graphene includes introducing a purge gas into a gas confining space within a reaction chamber to purge the gas confining space of oxygen; introducing a donor gas into the gas confining space within the reaction chamber; moving a forming layer within the gas confining space within the reaction chamber when the donor gas is within the gas confining space; and heating the forming layer within the gas confining space to a temperature sufficient to form 2D material while the gas confining space is open to a surrounding atmosphere.

Abstract: A method of making 2D material such as graphene includes introducing a purge gas into a gas confining space within a reaction chamber to purge the gas confining space of oxygen; introducing a donor gas into the gas confining space within the reaction chamber; moving a forming layer within the gas confining space within the reaction chamber when the donor gas is within the gas confining space; and heating the forming layer within the gas confining space to a temperature sufficient to form 2D material while the gas confining space is open to a surrounding atmosphere.

Abstract: A method of making 2D material such as graphene includes introducing a purge gas into a gas confining space within a reaction chamber to purge the gas confining space of oxygen; introducing a donor gas into the gas confining space within the reaction chamber; moving a forming layer within the gas confining space within the reaction chamber when the donor gas is within the gas confining space; and heating the forming layer within the gas confining space to a temperature sufficient to form 2D material while the gas confining space is open to a surrounding atmosphere.

Abstract: A 2D material such as graphene is produced on a forming sheet disposed on a carrier and exposed to a donor gas within a furnace. A first furnace surface is disposed immediately adjacent to and spaced apart from the forming sheet to define a volume. A purge gas is used to purge the volume of undesirable molecules, such as oxygen, and then a donor gas is introduced into the volume to supply an element or molecule necessary for the formation of a 2D material. Multiple carriers and forming sheets are moved in a train into the furnace during the presence of the donor gas, and each forming sheet is heated to a temperature sufficient to form 2D material on the sheet. The furnace is constructed of a nonreactive material, such as quartz, and the first furnace surface is provided by a quartz plate. Gas passageways and gas ports are formed in the quartz plate with the ports extending through the first furnace surface.