Abstract: A cooling system for an internal combustion engine includes two independently operated subsystems, one for the cylinder head of the engine and one for the engine block. The cylinder head cooling subsystem includes a pump for flowing a first coolant from a first reservoir through a first radiator and the cylinder head of the engine. A temperature sensor is provided for measuring the first coolant temperature in the cylinder head cooling subsystem, and a control module responsive thereto for regulating the flow of the first coolant circulated by the pump. The engine block cooling subsystem is physically and functionally independent of the cylinder head cooling subsystem and includes a reservoir filled with a second coolant in fluid communication with a second radiator and a control device for controlling the flow of the second coolant to the engine block. The engine block cooling subsystem operates through natural thermodynamic flow without the use of a pump.

Abstract: This invention describes the coating of a nickel-phosphorous bond on steel sheets or pipes of common carbon steel with the aim of forming an Fe--Ni--P bond, using a process of diffusion and enabling the resistance of the exhaust gases to corrosion. The deposit, when submitted to continual use of the vehicle, forms an intermetallic layer, which each time protects the substrate against corrosion.