Abstract: The present invention relates to an irradiation verification apparatus containing living cell material which is fixed in location on cell supports which are arranged between cell support holders. For irradiation verification, the z co-ordinate of the irradiation verification apparatus is adjusted in the direction of the beam axis Z so that, after irradiation, regions having killed cell material can be demarcated in spatial co-ordinates, with reference to an irradiation scheme, from regions having cell material of the irradiation verification apparatus that is still active. A container having an insert for the cell supports and also the cell support holders comprise a beam-transparent material. The cell support holders have a base plate and a top plate, between which the cell supports are arranged orthogonally to the holding plates.

Abstract: There is proposed a device for the slice-by-slice irradiation of tumour tissue (3) in a patient using a particle beam, having—an accelerator (7) for generating a particle beam (5) with predetermined energy for each slice, —a raster scanning device (9), acting on the particle beam (5), for the slice-by-slice scanning of the tumour tissue (3), —a modulator (17) for modulating the energy of the particle beam (5), —a detection device (37) for the time-resolved detection of the position of the tumour tissue (3) and having—a first storage device for storing data relating to the tumour tissue (3), which were determined prior to the irradiation operation, and for releasing that data to the raster scanning device (9) and to the modulator (17). The device is characterized by—a module (39), which registers the data on the course of the irradiation and the data of the detection device (37) which have been obtained during an irradiation operation.

Abstract: A detector assembly for detecting radiation with angular resolution comprises at least one detector element, which comprises a front face and a rear face, a first detector material and a second detector material between the front face and the rear face, a space between the front face and the rear face of the detector element being filled by a plurality of regions of the first detector material and at least one region of the second detector material and each region connecting the front face to the rear face of the detector element; and radiation incident on the detector element through the front face being collimated by means of the detector materials.

Abstract: A Method for determining the material composition of a material sample which emits radiation comprises the following method steps: recording a spectrum of the energy deposited in a detector material by the radiation; determining a first energy deposited in a first energy range, a second energy deposited in a second energy range, and a third energy deposited in a third energy range; assigning a first colour parameter to the first deposited energy, a second colour parameter to the second deposited energy, and a third colour parameter to the third deposited energy; and comparing the assigned colour parameters with predetermined values for the colour parameters, the predetermined values typically corresponding to colour parameters of a predetermined material composition.

Abstract: Disclosed is a dosimeter (1) for the detection of neutron radiation within an energy range of 0.025 eV to several hundred GeV, comprising a substantially spherical base body (3) which is used as a moderation body and which comprises hydrogenous material, a detection element (5) which is arranged in the center of the base body (3), and a neutron converter (7) surrounding the detection element (5). The neutron converter (7) comprises metal atoms which convert the energy of the high-energy neutron radiation essentially into neutrons within a suitable energy range. The dosimeter (1) is characterized in that the base body (3) is provided with an access (19) through which the detection element (5) can be introduced into the neutron converter (7) and removed therefrom, and in that the neutron converter (7) is embodied in the form of a cylinder.

Abstract: A dosimeter for detecting high-energy neutron radiation having a neutron converter and a detection element is proposed which is characterized by the neutron converter comprising metal atoms which convert the energy of the neutrons into protons, alpha particles and other charged nuclei in a suitable energy range so that they are detectable.

Abstract: In a turbo-molecular pump with a high vacuum-side induction area and of a rotational symmetrical arrangement, comprising a compressor turbine including a rotor and a stator tube having axially alternately tightly arranged rotor blade rings and stator vane rings with oppositely oriented blade and vane surfaces, a pre-vacuum chamber with a gas guide structure for the connection of a pre-pumping system, a drive module and a bearing unit, the turbo-molecular pump has a center area with a central coaxial open space extending from an ambient end to the high vacuum-side induction area and the open space is closed at its end adjacent the ambient end thereof by a flange in a vacuum-tight manner or is connected to a vacuum recipient, and the high-vacuum end of this space is separated from a pre-vacuum space.

Abstract: In an electrolytic cell a membrane consisting of dielectric material such as an organic polymer, which separates two chambers of the electrolytic cell from each other is produced using an etching solution which is provided in one of the chambers, contains active etching ions, while the other chamber contains a solution, which does not have an etching action. An electrical field is generated through the membrane. The etching progresses along ion tracks in the membrane and first produces one funnel-shaped pore per ion track. Immediately prior to the breakthrough, the ions, which do not have an etching action, begin to penetrate the still existent thin layer with fine pores—the active layer—and displace the ions with an etching action. An intensified electric current, driven by the adjacent field, is established and the etching process at the bottom of the pore shifts sideways according to the concentration of etching ions still present. The process is stopped by deactivating the field and flushing the membrane.

Abstract: A radiation shielding arrangement for shielding high-energy neutron radiation and gamma radiation from high-energy particle accelerators or storage rings includes a shielding element made of water-containing material, for example with chemically bound water or water of crystallization, in particular gypsum. The water component of the material preferably makes up at least 5, 10 or 20 percent by weight. The hydrogen nuclei or protons contained therein moderate neutrons in a virtually ideal manner because of the almost identical mass and the maximum pulse transformation associated with this.

Abstract: A radiation shielding arrangement for shielding high-energy neutron radiation and gamma radiation from high-energy particle accelerators or storage rings includes a shielding element made of water-containing material, for example with chemically bound water or water of crystallization, in particular gypsum. The water component of the material preferably makes up at least 5, 10 or 20 percent by weight. The hydrogen nuclei or protons contained therein moderate neutrons in a virtually ideal manner because of the almost identical mass and the maximum pulse transformation associated with this.

Abstract: In a method of manufacturing foils of plastic material which are electrically conductive in a transverse direction, but not in the plane of the foil wherein micropassages are formed in the foil by etching nucleus traces which are generated by exposure to a heavy ion beam, conductive layers are deposited on one side of the foil and the micropassages are filled by electrolytic metal ion depositions from the other side until caps are formed on the passages. After dissolving the two conductive layers, the steps are repeated to form caps also on the passages at the other side of the foil so as to provide for good contacting capabilities at both sides of the foil.

Abstract: In a method of focusing a beam of charged particles by means of a magnetic field which is generated by a current flowing through a plasma volume contained by an insulating tube extending between two opposite annular electrodes which produce the current in a pulsed form, the insulating tube has, with respect to the cross-section of the particle beam which passes therethrough a diameter so selected that the tube wall is disposed adjacent the limit of the penetration depth of the magnetic field into the plasma as constricted solely by the magnetic field generated between the electrodes.

Abstract: A diffusion plate useful for capturing a real image in an optical system. The plate has a roughened semi-transparent surface for diffusing incident radiation. The surface is comprised of cones etched therein for form a roughness. The cones have a geometry and average center-to-center distances which are precisely predetermined to correspond with either a desired angle of divergence or with a desired diffusion intensity.

Abstract: A process of attachment of at least one rib on a pipe with a thin wall which comprises cutting a hole in the rib that corresponds closely to the outer diameter of the pipe; locating the rib on the outer surface of the pipe; pressurizing the interior of the pipe with a pressure sufficient to force the outer surface of the pipe into close relationship with the inner contour of the rib during or shortly before reaching the soldering temperature; attaching the rib to the pipe by soldering; and selecting the materials for the rib and pipe so that the linear thermal expansion coefficients allow a smaller gap between the pipe and the rib during soldering than when the pipe and rib are at room temperature.

Abstract: A process for separating mixtures of gases, vapors or liquids by diffusion through membranes. The object, the improvement of the degree of enrichment and of the separation characteristics, is accomplished by irradiating membranes with heavy ions perpendicularly or at an angle to their surfaces to produce latent nuclear traces. Without etching away the nuclear traces, the membranes are charged from one side with the mixture, a pressure differential is set-up, and the substances from the mixture are removed downstream from the other side, independently of the concentration difference, separating the components according to their rates of diffusion. The process has the further advantage that the components of the mixture to be separated are neither thermally stressed nor chemically changed. The process is suitable for the separation of a multitude of atomic and molecular mixtures.

Abstract: In a method for producing a substrate with microholes having a predetermined diameter, a test region on the substrate is irradiated with a significantly higher dosage of heavy ions than the rest of the substrate. During the development of the nuclear traces by etching, the surface of the substrate in the test region abruptly changes at a certain porosity. This macroscopically observable process is then utilized to interrupt the etching process after a precisely defined time, which is calibrated to provide microholes having a predetermined diameter on the remainder of the substrate.

Abstract: The invention comprises a solid material that is an electrical conductor in a single direction which comprises an amorphous glass matrix containing a plurality of microscopically thin metal filaments, all of which are oriented in the direction of conductivity and extend to or near the surfaces of the solid material. This directionally conducting material is produced by subjecting a metastable glass supersaturated with metal to directed ionic radiation. On irradiation parallel microscopic holes or pores are formed which become filled with molten metal during tempering, which cool to form metallic dipole filaments. The thickness of the material and the angle of irradiation may be selected to produce dipole filaments of lengths appropriate to act as antennas for electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths from about 0.1 micron to about 1 mm. The direction of conductivity, i.e.

Abstract: A high current ion source for generating ion beams from gases and non-volatile materials which comprises a furnace-cathode unit for generating vapor to be ionized, a major source unit for ionizing the vapor generated in the furnace-cathode chamber and an extraction unit for removing the ions from the major source unit. The three units are removably sealed to each other by vacuum-tight seals. The furnace-cathode unit includes a furnace chamber, the major source unit includes a discharge chamber and the extraction unit a source outlet electrode. Connecting means couple the furnace chamber to the discharge chamber, and suspension means are provided for suspending the components from surrounding flanges.

Abstract: A method for producing insulator surfaces by increasing the surface area of a solid body presenting such surface, which method is carried out by uniformly bombarding the surface of the body with a collimated beam of ions generating latent nuclear tracks in the surface, and etching the bombarded surface to widen the nuclear tracks into adjacent, individual etched channels at least some of which contact one another.

Abstract: In a high frequency resonator for accelerating a beam of heavy ions in an accelerator, which resonator includes a cylindrical resonator housing having a beam inlet end via which the beam enters the housing, a beam outlet end via which the beam leaves the housing and a longitudinal axis defining a path for travel of the beam between the ends, two opposed end walls each at a respective end of the housing, and an even number of elongate, conductive current collectors disposed within the housing, extending longitudinally thereof, and spaced apart equidistantly about the beam axis, with every other collector being connected to one end wall and the intervening collectors being connected to the other end wall, the number of such collectors being at least four, each end wall is provided with a central opening surrounding the longitudinal axis of the housing, each current collector extends the full length of the housing, and each collector has two longitudinal ends one of which extends into the opening of that end wal