Abstract: A method for studying a fluid by forming a stream of the fluid, exciting the stream by causing a laser beam to impinge thereon to produce secondary particles or quanta, and subjecting the resulting secondary particles or quanta to an analysis operation in an analyzer.

Abstract: In apparatus for measuring reaction and/or diffusion of particles suspended in a fluid, which apparatus includes a supply tube for supplying a stream of the particle-containing fluid, a tapered tube surrounding the supply tube for providing a first entraining fluid stream and for encasing the particle-containing fluid in the first entraining fluid stream for the purpose of hydrodynamically focusing the particle-containing stream into a thin stream enclosed by the first fluid and in which the particles are separated from one another, an outlet for passage of the thin stream and first fluid stream after leaving the tube, a device producing a radiation beam which intersects the thin particle-containing stream, a detector disposed for detecting the radiation emanating from the separated particles, and a pulse evaluation circuit connected to the detector, there is provided a further tube surrounding the supply tube and forming a further entraining fluid stream concentric with the particle-containing stream and the

Abstract: An apparatus for hydrodynamically focusing particles to permit counting and classification of the particles, which apparatus includes a flow nozzle terminating in a capillary nozzle that forms a thin stream containing the particles and having a circular cross section with the particles oriented along one axis of the thin stream, and a jacket pipe enclosing the capillary nozzle for providing an entraining stream for the thin stream of particles leaving the capillary nozzle, is further provided with a further flow nozzle located downstream of the capillary nozzle and presenting a circular cross section for receiving the stream leaving the capillary nozzle, and changing its cross section from circular to rectangular such that the stream exits from the further nozzle with a rectangular cross section, a device directing a laser beam normally to one flat side of the rectangular cross section at a location downstream of the further nozzle, and a radiation detector disposed for detecting radiation resulting from impi

Abstract: A final depository located underground for storing radioactive wastes contained in storable shielded containers, composed of at least one shaft extending downwardly from the ground surface, an underground passage, a radioactive waste storage region located above the underground passage, and a connecting passage connecting the storage region with the shaft or the underground passage.

Abstract: Mass spectrograph comprising an ion source, means for analyzing the ions emitted by this source and a panoramic ion detector, wherein the analysis means are of the type with magnetic separation and measurement of the time of flight and the ion source is a pulsed source.The panoramic ion detector comprises an ion inlet diaphragm, means facing the diaphragm which permit the conversion of ions into electrons, means facing the means for converting the ions into electrons and permitting the conversion of electrons into photons, a photon detector facing the means for converting the electrons into photons and photon guidance means located between the means for converting electrons into photons and the photon detector whereby the photon guidance means have a monoblock structure.

Abstract: A storage arrangement for radioactive waste includes a storage bore hole defined by walls of a rock formation, vessels containing radioactive waste deposited in a vertical series in the storage bore hole and a sealing closure situated in the storage bore hole above the uppermost vessel. The sealing closure is a prefabricated solid body (or several such bodies in a vertical series) closely conforming, along its circumference, to the shaft walls.

Abstract: In apparatus for examining the material of a specimen with local resolution employing an X-ray probe and operating according to the scanning principle, including a source of X-ray radiation, an optical system for directing X-ray radiation from the source onto the specimen, and a detector disposed for detecting radiation appearing behind the specimen, the source is constituted by a target in which the X-ray radiation is generated, and the optical system acts to focus the X-ray radiation emanating from the target onto the specimen in the form of an X-ray probe.

Abstract: For measuring the speed of movement of one phase in another, and particularly the rate of sedimentation of corpuscles in blood plasma, a container is filled with a blood sample, a light beam is directed through the container and an image of a vertical plane in the container traversed by the beam is formed in a measuring plane, the light intensity at two vertically spaced regions of the measuring plane is measured, the container is moved until a certain light intensity relationship exists between the two regions, indicating that the image of the boundary of the one phase in the other phase is located between the regions, and after a selected time interval the container is raised until the same light intensity relationship is established between the two regions and the distance through which the container has been raised is indicated.

Abstract: For enabling a quasimonochromatic high intensity light beam to be produced by a source having a lamp equipped with a cold light mirror, a heat protection filter in the light beam path and a system for cooling the heat protection filter, the source is further provided with an interference filter and projection optics located in the beam path downstream of the heat protection filter, and the interference filter is disposed in the optics.

Abstract: Radioactive wastes are encased in closed sheaths, the wastes to be solidified with binders and accommodated in barrels and the closed sheath to be resistant to water and aqueous solutions of natural mineral salts and to leaching, by completely surrounding the waste by a synthetic resin layer between the waste and the barrel or around the barrel containing the waste in accordance with specific methods involving applying spacing layers in the areas to be occupied by the resin layer and subsequently filling the spacing layer with a synthetic resin and a solvent.

Abstract: In a method for producing selected mass spectra by directing electromagnetic radiation through an optical system onto sample material for vaporization, destruction, excitation and/ or ionization in the microrange, setting the expanse of the irradiation region of the sample by selection of the energy density of the radiation, and detecting the released particles, the radiation power density is varied for producing mass spectra having respectively different proportions of atom and molecule spectra.

Abstract: Apparatus for measuring fluorescence comprises a metal block having a first recess for a sample mount and a second recess for a beam divider. A receiving bore connects both recesses and extends axially from the metal block. A radiation source and an optical focusing device are provided to introduce radiation into the receiving bore. Two exit bores extend from the recesses at an angle, and reflected or fluorescent radiation emitted by the sample and the beam divider pass through the exit bores. Detectors are at the exit bores to measure the radiation.

Abstract: An ultramicroscopic spectrometer for examining properties of aerosol particles includes a receptacle having a wall defining a measuring chamber; an aerosol jet generating arrangement for forming an aerosol jet from the particles by aerodynamic focusing; a mount supporting the aerosol generating arrangement in the measuring chamber; a first passage in the receptacle wall for passing an incident illuminating beam through the receptacle wall into the measuring chamber; and a second passage in the receptacle wall for passing an information beam respectively an observation beam of the aerosol jet through the receptacle wall from the measuring chamber. The axes of the illuminating beam, the information beam and the aerosol jet intersect in a measuring field.

Abstract: Apparatus for the continuous measurement of increases and decreases in moisture condensation at soil and/or plant surfaces, including a dew measuring probe composed of a sample material, a radiation source disposed underneath the probe and emitting beta particles, and a beta particle detector disposed in alignment with the radiation source and on the opposite side of the probe from the source.

Abstract: Method for determining the total protein content or individual amino acids in flour, cereal flour and/or leguminous products or other substances by means of fluorescence analysis. The proteins and/or the individual amino acids are treated to attain a fluorescent effect or are self-fluorescent. The proteins and/or the individual amino acids are brought into suspension in their unpretreated form. The suspension is then fluorometrically measured by means of vertical transillumination. An apparatus is provided for practicing the method and comprises a primary radiation source for emitting a primary radiation to excite the fluorescent material, optical means for directing the primary radiation in a vertical direction onto the proteins and/or amino acids in suspension, at least one vessel for holding the suspension, through which the primary radiation can pass in a vertical direction, and receiving means and evaluating means for measuring the fluorescent radiation.

Abstract: A raster scanning ion microscope for determining, with a large field of view, the lateral distribution of elements, isotopes and compounds at the surface and in the bulk of solid specimens and for displaying the surface topography of the sample. The scanning ion microscope consists of an ion gun to produce a primary ion beam, a means to focus and raster scan the primary ion beam over the surface of the specimen, a means to form a beam of secondary ions out of all particles sputtered from the specimen, an energy analyzer and a mass spectrometer for secondary ion analysis and a means for optimum transport of the secondary ions from the specimen to the mass spectrometer. Use of a quadrupole mass filter as a mass analyzer reduces restrictions usually faced with magnetic type mass analyzer and allows imaging of the specimen with a large field of view.

Abstract: Apparatus for counting and classifying particles and including a laser for producing a laser beam, a flow nozzle for hydrodynamically focussing a stream of such particles and directing the focussed stream to intersect the laser beam, a focussing system causing the laser beam to have a diameter which, at the point of intersection with the particle stream, is no greater than the width of the particles, and a detector disposed to receive the laser radiation transmitted by the particles as they pass through the laser beam.

Abstract: A method is provided for optimally supplying autotrophic organisms with CO.sub.2 nutrient, the requirement for the nutrient fluctuating in dependence on growth and thus on the incident light, temperature and the density of the organisms. The pH in a culture channel containing the organisms is continuously measured and the introduction of CO.sub.2 into the culture channel is regulated in response to the measured pH. An arrangement is provided for practicing the method and comprises a channel in which a suspension of the organisms can be moved in one direction, at least one discharge means in the channel for introducing the CO.sub.2 gas into suspension, at least one control member connected to the discharge means for controlling the operation of the discharge means, at least one pH measuring means in the channel for immersion into the suspension, and a circuit connecting the pH measuring means and the control member to actuate the control member for introducing the CO.sub.

Abstract: A method is provided for continuously filtering liquids containing microorganisms, macromolecules and/or fine particles of solid matter as substances to be filtered out and collecting the substances that are filtered out. The liquid to be filtered is introduced from the top into an upright sieve basket where the filtrate is separated from the substances to be filtered out. A pressure is exerted on the liquid in the sieve basket by pressing means so that the filtrate leaves the sieve basket and the entire surface of the cake formed from the filtered-out substances always has approximately the same height in the sieve basket. The liquid in the sieve basket is pressed under an increasable counterpressure into the space underneath the pressing means in the sieve basket. When the backpressure of the liquid is higher than the pressure of the pressing means on the liquid, the pressing means is lifted a small distance above the cake in the sieve basket.