Abstract: A fixing apparatus (3) for fixing a workpiece (2) to be machined comprises at least two jaws (6,7), which are individually adjustable and are preferably adapted to be fixed in position. In order to permit a workpiece (2) to be fixed exactly in a desired position, to avoid errors, to permit both centering and flat-and sag-compensating clamping sequences to be performed, and to permit various clamping sequences to be performed, at least one of the jaws (6, 7) has a position pickup (11, 12) associated with it, which detects the instantaneous position of the associated jaw (6, 7) and delivers corresponding signals to a controller (13), which in accordance with programs stored in the controller generates displacement signals which depend on the position signals and represent the distances over which the jaws (6, 7) are to be displaced and delivers said signals to actuators (8, 9) for displacing said jaws (6, 7) over said distances.

Abstract: In a method and machine for balancing centering a workpiece, such as a crankshaft, to be machined only at certain portions and in which the workpiece is transversely displaced with respect to an axis of rotation so as to minimize any unbalance and is subsequently cut to length, after which centering bores are formed in the opposite end faces of the workpiece to define the axis of rotation, the final balancing after the finishing machining of the workpiece is optimized by pre-balancing the workpiece in a manner which takes into account only the unbalance of those workpiece portions which will not be machined to determine the extent and direction of the transverse displacement.

Abstract: A clamping device (5) is provided, which serves to fix a rotarty cutter (3, 3a) to a toolholder (2, 2a). The rotary cutter (3, 3a) has a planar radial contacting surface (15, 15a) for engaging a planar radial end face (16, 16a) of the toolholder. Load-applying means (7, 8a) are provided for forcing the rotary cutter by means of a conical interface (13) against the toolholder (2). In order to provide a simple clamping device by which the rotary cutter is secured to the toolholder exactly in a desired position, the load-applying means (7, 7a) engage clamping means (6, 6a), which define the conical interface (13) with the rotary cutter (3, 3a) and which are supported on the toolholder (2, 2a) at a cylinder interface (14) and are elastically deformed by the load-applying means.

Abstract: An inserted tooth cutter comprises a disc-shaped cutter body, which is provided at its periphery with an annular series of tooth holders, each of which is individually fixed and adapted to receive at least one platelike cutting tooth. In order to ensure that the tooth holders will be mounted in a stable position with an optimum utilization of space, each tooth holder is fixed by means which force the tooth holder against the cutter body in a generally radial direction and each tooth holder has at one end a shoulder-forming extension bearing on a mating extension of an adjacent tooth holder and has adjacent to the other end a bottom surface portion bearing on a mating surface of the cutter body.

Abstract: A milling machine comprises a machine bed, two workpiece-gripping heads carried by the machine bed, and at least one cutter carriage, which is carried by the machine bed and is movable along guide rails which are normal to the longitudinal axis of the machine. The cutter carriage carries an internally cutting, annular milling cutter. To permit the milling cutter to be changed quickly and easily, the cutter carriage is movable along the guide rails from a central position over a distance which exceeds the radial positioning and feed movement of the milling cutter to an offset position for a tool change. In that position, at least a major portion of the milling cutter, when viewed in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the machine, is disposed outside the contours of the gripping heads.

Abstract: A swaging machine comprises eccentric-driven swaging rams provided with a slide track extending transversely to the axis of the eccentric, and a slide block rotatably mounted on the eccentric and guided by said slide track as in a Scotch yoke. To provide a structure which is simple, inexpensive and light in weight, each swaging ram is coupled to the associated slide block at that end face of the swaging ram which is remote from the die. The slide track is formed by a head portion of the swaging ram and interengages with an associated guide rail of the slide block.

Abstract: When it is desired to machine crankpins of crankshafts to a circular cross section with a surrounding cutting tool, which is rotated or oscillated, the tool is longitudinally positioned relative to the crankpin and machines the same while engaging the crankpin and a circular feed movement of the tool relative to the crankpin is effected. To permit a fast and efficient circular machining, the crankpin is held in position and the driven tool is moved during the machining along a circular path surrounding the crankpin. When the tool has been longitudinally positioned, the crankpin and the tool are transversely displaced relative to each other until the center of the circular cross section coincides with the center of the circular path of the tool.

Abstract: The workpiece is initially held in a position in which it has a free sag near the center of its length, where it is subsequently supported by a backrest for milling so as to eliminate only the elastic deformation of the workpiece which is due to the free sag. The backrest comprises a supporting jaw, adapted to be disposed under the workpiece, and to be vertically raised to engage the workpiece from below in a position of initial contact, at least one retaining jaw, adapted to be disposed above the workpiece and to be moved downwardly toward the workpiece to clamp the latter against the supporting jaw, and a detector arranged to detect and store the position in which the supporting jaw initially contacts the workpiece. A first drive is operable to raise the supporting jaw and the workpiece to a preselected extent above the position of initial contact. A second drive is operable to move the retaining jaw into engagement with the workpiece which has thus been raised.

Abstract: A swaging machine comprises at least four radial rams, which are angularly apart and axially guided in the machine frame and held against rotation. Each ram is associated with a power screw, to which an oscillating angular motion can be imparted preferably by a rocker lever and an eccentric shaft. Screw-threaded drive trains actuate said power screws so as to impart the reciprocating swaging motion to the rams and to adjust their position. To provide a structure which is as simple, compact and inexpensive as possible, each power screw has two screw-threaded portions. One screw-threaded portion is operatively connected to a swaging drive train and in threaded engagement with mating screw threads of the associated ram. The other screw-threaded portion is in screw-threaded engagement with a rotatable adjusting nut of an adjusting drive train.

Abstract: A distorted workpiece is initially held in a position in which it has a free sag near the center of its length. The distorted workpiece is subsequently supported near the center of its length so as to eliminate only the elastic deformation of the workpiece which is due to the free sag.

Abstract: Each of two tools is used in a sequence of operations to machine respective cylindrical portions of a multiple-crank crankshaft and the crankweb side faces adjoining said cylindrical portion. To permit an optimum utilization of the two tools and to ensure a substantial shortening of the time required for the machining of a crankshaft, the infeeding direction and the orbital feed rate of each tool are controlled independently of the other tool and only in dependence on the requirements for the respective operation. The crankshaft is held in a fixed position until its machining has been completed. In a milling machine for carrying out the process, each tool consists of an internal milling cutter and means are provided for moving said cutters independently of each other along three coordinate axes.

Abstract: The rolls of each rolling mill stand of a rolling mill train are driven by a hydraulic turbine. A variable displacement pump is operated to apply hydraulic pressure to each of said turbines to operate the same at an infinitely variable speed. Any change of said hydraulic pressure applied to the turbine which drives a preceding one of said stands in response to the initial passing of the stock through a succeeding one of said stands is detected. The displacement of the variable displacement pump which operates the turbine which drives said succeeding stand is adjusted to correct the speed of the turbine which drives said succeeding stand to compensate the change of the hydraulic pressure which has thus been detected.