Abstract: An infra-red heater for a hybrid oven drying a web with an elongate foil having transverse corrugations heating element within a quartz tube. A thermocouple sensor is used to provide a control signal to a controller to regulate the infra-red output.

Abstract: A heating device having a sinuous, expanded metal heating element of high intensity and quick response mounted upon chemically inert non-woven alumina-silica filler refractory material. The heating element is fabricated of metal sheeting by slitting and expanding it to a selected shape, mesh size, strand width and gauge to provide uniform distribution of radiant energy over the entire face area of the heating element at elevated temperatures in which the watt density and heating element area are not limited by available voltage and temperature.