Abstract: Baseline values for battery testing are automatically determined for individual batteries, battery cells, or networks of batteries. Impedance information is obtained from individual batteries and adjusted for operating conditions at a site of use (e.g., temperature, age, connection topology and user-entered information). Population-referenced baselines are automatically calculated from the group of individual-referenced baselines. All baselines can be continually updated and improved. The state of charge and state of health characteristics of batteries in the network can be automatically determined by comparison of measured impedance, and other values, to the baselines.

Abstract: A battery monitoring system includes a central monitoring system and a set of individual battery selectors. The central monitoring system is electrically connected to the battery selectors and each of the battery selectors is connected to one or more batteries. In operation, commands are sent from the central monitoring system to the individual battery selectors so as to turn one on at a time. When the battery selector is on, test and response signals can be communicated between the one or more batteries connected to the battery selector and the central monitoring system. In some embodiments, the system includes a relay test circuit.

Abstract: A temperature is measured for each terminal of the battery unit. The magnitude and sign of a temperature differential is calculated from the temperatures. The temperature differential is then correlated to a deteriorating condition of the battery unit.

Abstract: Determination of a remaining life fraction for a network of batteries during use in an electrical circuit is disclosed. A state of health of the battery network can be determined by measuring a change in impedance characteristics of the individual battery units and/or the battery network as a whole. More specifically, a mode and a severity of a failure can be determined for individual battery units.