Abstract: Embodiments of the present methods measure a concentration of a substance, such as glucose, in a body. The described embodiments change the temperature of the surface of a body from a first temperature to a second temperature, then change the temperature of the surface of the body from the second temperature back to the first temperature, and measure a first amount of infrared (“IR”) radiation absorbed or emitted from the surface of the body in a first wavelength band, and a second amount of IR radiation absorbed or emitted from the surface of the body in a second wavelength band at predetermined time intervals during the time period that the temperature of the surface of the body changes from the second temperature back to the first temperature. The described embodiments also measure a temperature at the surface of the body and an ambient temperature.

Abstract: A substance concentration monitoring method includes inserting a temperature probe noninvasively into a volume of a body in which a concentration of a substance is to be measured. An internal temperature of the volume is measured and an internal temperature signal is produced. An incident first near infrared beam in a first wavelength band is directed from a light source into a portion of the volume, the first wavelength band including a wavelength at which an absorption peak exists in a NIR absorption spectrum of the substance. An incident second NIR beam in a second wavelength band is directed from the light source into the portion of the volume, the substance exhibiting no absorption or negligible absorption in the second wavelength band. Substance concentration is calculated based on values corresponding to the internal temperature signal, a first and second initial power signal, and a first and second material absorption signal.

Abstract: A substance concentration monitoring method includes inducing a periodic change in a body surface temperature over time using a heating and/or cooling element and yielding a function of temperature that varies with time so as to exhibit a temperature derivative with respect to time that oscillates periodically. Mid-infrared radiation absorbed or emitted from the body is measured while the surface of the body exhibits the oscillating, periodic derivative. The method includes determining a measured value based on the MIR radiation measurements and determining a concentration of a substance in the body based on a correlation with the measured value. A substance concentration monitoring apparatus includes a processor that initiates operations continuously monitoring whether the concentration or the measured value are within a tolerance. The operations further include generating a warning output when the concentration or the measured value is outside the tolerance.

Abstract: A substance concentration analysis method includes calculating a difference for the particular time between a first measured amount of mid-infrared (MIR) radiation absorbed by or emitted from a body in a first wavelength and a second measured amount of MIR radiation absorbed by or emitted from the body in a second wavelength, calculating a quotient including a dividend based on the difference divided by a divisor based on a dT/dt value, and calculating the concentration of the substance in the body based on a correlation with the quotient.

Abstract: A concentration correction system includes an infrared detector and components that produce an aggregate emission of infrared radiation. A mirror assembly includes a mirror and is changeable between a correcting configuration and a measuring configuration. In the correcting configuration, the mirror produces a mirror signal incident on the detector. The mirror assembly also obstructs external body infrared radiation from reaching the detector. In the measuring configuration, the mirror assembly allows the external body infrared radiation onto the detector. A concentration correction method includes receiving external body infrared radiation and simultaneously receiving a first portion of the aggregate emission. A measurement value indicative of concentration is recorded from the detector. A second portion of the aggregate emission reflected with the mirror and produces a mirror signal incident on the detector.

Abstract: A system includes a light source and a light detector. The system further includes a first optical system configured to direct a transmitted portion of light onto the detector. The first optical system is further configured to block a scattered portion of the light. The system also includes a second optical system configured to direct the transmitted and scattered portions of the light onto the detector.

Abstract: A measurement apparatus includes a cooling device including two separated, different substances exhibiting an endothermic reaction when combined to decrease a temperature of the cooling device and a contacting mechanism to contact an assay surface with the cooling device. The apparatus includes a temperature measurement device to measure a temperature of the assay surface and an infrared radiation detector to measure infrared radiation emitted or absorbed. A data processor is configured to determine a concentration of a substance in the subject's body using the measured temperature and the infrared radiation. A measurement method includes using the cooling device and decreasing a temperature of the assay surface to a lower temperature, then measuring a temperature of the assay surface during an increase of the temperature. An infrared radiation detector measures infrared radiation emitted from or absorbed by the assay surface during the temperature increase from the lower temperature.

Abstract: A system for non-invasive measurement of a substance, such as glucose, includes a detector configured to sense radiation and an optical subsystem configured to focus the radiation on a sensitive area of the detector. The system includes one or more temperature sensors attached to one or more of a plurality of elements of the optical subsystem and to the detector and two or more temperature sensors configured to measure two or more respective ambient temperatures. The one or more temperature sensors are configured to measure the temperature of the one or more elements of the optical subsystem and the temperature of the detector. A method of measuring a concentration includes detecting an infrared radiation value, measuring the temperature of the detector, one or more components of the optical system, and two or more ambient temperatures, and correlating the temperatures with calibration parameters to correct the detected infrared radiation value.

Abstract: A system for non-invasive measurement of a substance, such as glucose, includes a detector configured to sense radiation and an optical subsystem configured to focus the radiation on a sensitive area of the detector. The system includes one or more temperature sensors attached to one or more of a plurality of elements of the optical subsystem and to the detector and two or more temperature sensors configured to measure two or more respective ambient temperatures. The one or more temperature sensors are configured to measure the temperature of the one or more elements of the optical subsystem and the temperature of the detector. A method of measuring a concentration includes detecting an infrared radiation value, measuring the temperature of the detector, one or more components of the optical system, and two or more ambient temperatures, and correlating the temperatures with calibration parameters to correct the detected infrared radiation value.

Abstract: A method determines the concentration of a substance in a subject's blood. The method includes measuring an interaction of at least one light beam with a portion of the subject's body. The method further includes calculating a value of an optically-measured parameter indicative of the interaction of the at least one light beam with the substance in the portion of the subject's body. The method further includes measuring values of one or more temperature-indicative parameters corresponding to a temperature of the portion of the subject's body. The method further includes accessing an empirical correlation of the optically-measured parameter and the one or more temperature-indicative parameters to concentrations of the substance in blood. The method further includes obtaining a concentration of the substance in the subject's blood using the empirical correlation. The concentration corresponds to the value of the optically-measured parameter and the values of the one or more temperature-indicative parameters.

Abstract: A method determines the concentration of a substance in a subject's blood. The method includes noninvasively irradiating an eye with a measurement light beam having a first wavelength and a first power and with a reference light beam having a second wavelength and a second power. The second wavelength is different from the first wavelength. The method further includes measuring at least one of a body temperature of the subject and an ambient temperature of the subject. The method further includes detecting a power of the measurement retro-reflected light beam and detecting a power of the reference retro-reflected light beam. The method further includes calculating a measurement ratio of the detected power of the measurement retro-reflected light beam and the first power and calculating a reference ratio of the detected power of the reference retro-reflected light beam and the second power.