Abstract: Automotive SLI lead-acid batteries are disclosed which are characterized by enhanced resistance to positive grid corrosion, even when exposed to the current, relatively high under-the-hood service temperatures in use with recent model automobiles. The grids are formed from either a cast lead-based alloy including from about 0.025 to 0.06% calcium, from about 0.3 to 0.7% tin and from about 0.015 to 0.045% silver, the percentages being based upon the weight of the alloy prior to casting or a wrought lead-based alloy including from about 0.02 to 0.05% calcium, from about 0.3 to 0.5% tin and 0.02 to 0.045% silver, the percentages being based upon the weight of the alloy. Aluminum in an amount of from about 0.008 to about 0.012%, based upon the as-added total weight of the alloy may be used to maintain the desired calcium content during casting.

Abstract: A modular, multicell battery comprises a plurality of terminal frames, each of which is divided into a number of side-by-side active material support areas pasted with active material to form plates with adjacent plates in each frame being of opposite polarity and adjacent plates in adjoining frames also being of opposite polarity, each terminal frame also including frame positive and negative tabs, a plurality of floating frames similar to the configuration of the terminal frames but not including frame terminal tabs, electrolyte-porous separator frames positioned between adjacent plates in adjoining frames, at least one partition frame dividing the battery into at least two batteries, a positive busbar having a series of slots for accepting the frame positive tabs and electrically connected thereto, a negative busbar having a series of slots for accepting the frame negative tabs and electrically connected to such tabs, the assembly of frames being secured together and electrolyte fill holes for allowing eac

Abstract: There is provided a method for the ecologically safe disposal of lead-contaminated hazardous industrial wastes (such, as for example, those generated as discardable by-products in primary and secondary lead smelting operations, especially, blast furnace slags and matte), which comprises reducing the size of the lead-contaminated industrial wastes and treating them, prior to encapsulation in a hardenable material, with the naturally occurring zeolite, clinoptilolite, in an amount sufficient to prevent lead ions (Pb.sup.+2) from leaching out of the industrial wastes, through exposure to the action of atmospheric agents (e.g., hot air and rain, or as a result of cyclical freezing and thawing in temperature climates), even over an extended period of time.

Abstract: An electric storage battery is disclosed which includes a handle which can be locked in an upright position, such as for installation of the battery into a vehicle by robotics, yet where the handle can be then readily moved to a service position alongside the battery after installation into a vehicle, the container including a button and shaft for connection to apertures formed in the arms of the handle which provide an upright position and a service position, and locking in the upright position is achieved by a locking tongue formed on the container button which rests in a locking groove formed between locking tabs on the handle arms.

Abstract: Automotive SLI lead-acid batteries are disclosed which are characterized by enhanced resistance to intercell connection corrosion, even when exposed to the current, relatively high under-the-hood service temperatures in use with recent model automobiles. The straps are formed from a lead-based alloy including from about 3.0 to 3.3% antimony, from about 0.04 to 0.07% tin, from about 0.04 to 0.07% arsenic and from about 0.014 to 0.020% selenium, the percentages being based upon the weight of the alloy.

Abstract: An electric storage battery is provided having a monitoring device for indicating the state-of-charge of the battery and particularly indicating whether a discharged battery is healthy and capable of being recharged or unhealthy and impending on a state of failure. The monitoring device achieves the foregoing by testing the open circuit voltage of the battery and determining if the voltage of the battery drops below a first preset value after application of a load and subsequently fails to rise above a second preset value after the load has been removed. Also, the monitoring device for the battery includes the capability of sensing when the battery has been placed into a system such as an engine system for an automobile and in response thereto modifying testing certain parameters. Preferably, the monitoring device is made integral with the battery case by providing a receptacle for receiving the device and a pair of connecting arms at least partially embedded in the battery container or cover.

Abstract: A modular multicell battery is disclosed which is assembled from a plurality of pairs of terminal and floater frames, each pair separated by a separator frame, that are welded together. The terminal and floater frames include a mesh grid made using a lead-based alloy having, based upon this total weight of the alloy, a calcium content of 0.02-0.04% and a tin content of 0.3-0.5%.

Abstract: A multi-cell, lead-acid electric storage battery of the wet or absorbed electrolyte type is provided. The battery comprises one or more manifolding apertures in one or more partition walls, which apertures are of a size which allows passage of gases and in wet batteries minimizes passage of electrolyte and which define one or more sets of manifolded cells; a single trapping chamber associated with each set of manifolded cells; one or more vent apertures for wet battery applications or a pressure release valve for absorbed electrolyte battery applications is disposed between each set of manifolded cells and its respective trapping chamber, which vent apertures are of a size which allows passage of gases and in wet batteries minimizes passage of electrolyte.

Abstract: A cover assembly for a multicell, lead-acid electric storage battery, which is capable of having each cell independently pressure checked for leaks by using pressure testing equipment having a pressure head tip is provided, which cover assembly comprises a primary cover member and one or more cover piece members sealed to the primary cover member and substantially defines a venting system comprising process holes for communicating with each cell, a trapping chamber communicating with each process hole, the trapping chambers being manifolded into one or more sets, and an exhaust port communicating with each set of manifolded trapping chambers and the ambient; wherein the process holes comprise a cap, an outer opening receiving the cap, an annular step and a first and second barrel in substantially coaxial alignment with the outer opening, and apertures, the annular step providing a surface upon which may be placed the pressure head tip of said pressure testing equipment for independently pressure checking the

Abstract: A process for the treatment of an aqueous stream containing an acid or base and typically a precipitatable material such as a metal ion comprises:(a) subjecting the aqueous stream to (i) a treatment to produce a relatively pure stream of water and a concentrated aqueous stream, and (ii) water splitting to produce a stream of base, a stream of acid and a dilute aqueous stream of a concentration lower than the concentrated aqueous stream, the treatments (i) and (ii) being effected in either order,(b) recycling at least part of the pure water stream produced in (a) (i) to an earlier stream either in the production leading to said aqueous stream or to step (i) or (ii),(c) recycling at least part of the acid and/or base streams produced in (a) (ii) to an earlier stream either in the production leading to said aqueous stream or to an earlier step in the process, and(d) recycling at least part of the lower concentration stream produced in (a) (ii) to either (a) (i) or to another step in the process, whereby, when pr

Abstract: A battery structure arranged to avoid the inefficiency problems which normally accompany container bulging in conventional absorbed electrolyte batteries such as sealed lead-acid batteries. The battery container is separated by partition walls into a plurality of working cells into which are closely fitted conventional stacks of plates and separators. The partition walls hold the plates and separators in intimate contact necessary for proper operation of the battery. Bulge compensating end cells are provided at either end of the battery between the working cells and the container end walls to accommodate pressure variations during battery operation. Compression means associated with the bulge compensating end cells maintains the plates and separators in intimate contact to maintain battery efficiency while permitting the container end walls to bulge.

Abstract: A method for preparing lead-acid battery positive and negative plates for use in lead-acid batteries, comprising (a) providing battery grids, (b) applying wet leady oxide paste to the grids to form plates, (c) optionally wrapping the freshly pasted plates with an absorbent material, and (d) initiating formation of the lead-acid battery plates while the plates contain more than about 5 wt. % free lead in the paste and are generally damp from moisture existing in the paste from the time of plate pasting. Although conventional curing and drying of the plates is obviated and the plate formation is initiated merely hours after plate pasting, instead of a day or more after plate pasting as is the case with conventional battery plate processing, the cells and batteries containing plates prepared in accordance with the present invention exhibit a mechanical strength and deliver an overall electrical performance equivalent or superior to cells and batteries containing conventionally prepared plates.

Abstract: A dual terminal, electric storage battery is provided.

Abstract: A process for the treatment of an aqueous stream containing an acid or base and typically a precipitatable material such as a metal ion comprises:(a) subjecting the aqueous stream to (i) a treatment to produce a relatively pure stream of water and a concentrated aqueous stream, and (ii) water splitting to produce a stream of base, a stream of acid and a dilute aqueous stream of a concentration lower than the concentrated aqueous stream, the treatments (i) and (ii) being effected in either order,(b) recycling at least part of the pure water stream produced in (a)(i) to an earlier stream either in the production leading to said aqueous stream or to step (i) or (ii),(c) recycling at least part of the acid and/or base streams produced in (a)(ii) to an earlier stream either in the production leading to said aqueous stream or to an earlier step in the process, and(d) recycling at least part of the lower concentration stream produced in (a)(ii) to either (a)(i) or to another step in the process, whereby, when presen

Abstract: A dual terminal, electric storage battery is provided.

Abstract: An assembly for a recessible carrying handle is provided for a battery having a container and cover.

Abstract: A multi-cell, lead-acid electric storage battery of the wet or absorbed electrolyte type is provided. The battery comprises one or more manifolding apertures in one or more partition walls, which apertures are of a size which allows passage of gases and in wet batteries minimizes passage of electrolyte and which define one or more sets of manifolded cells; a single trapping chamber associated with each set of manifolded cells; one or more vent apertures for wet battery applications or a pressure release valve for absorbed electrolyte battery applications is disposed between each set of manifolded cells and its respective trapping chamber, which vent apertures are of a size which allows passage of gases and in wet batteries minimizes passage of electrolyte.