Abstract: Methods of making a composite material may include the steps of depositing a plurality of fullerenes on a first graphene sheet forming a bottom plate, placing a second graphene sheet forming a top plate on a top of the plurality of fullerenes, and fusing the plurality of fullerenes to the first graphene sheet forming the bottom plate and the second graphene sheet forming the top plate, wherein the plurality of fullerenes are converted to fullerene-derived carbon columns, and wherein the composite material comprises a tensile strength in an x-axis parallel to the plane of the graphene sheets of at least 20 GPa.

Abstract: Methods of making a composite material may include the steps of depositing a plurality of fullerenes on a first graphene sheet forming a bottom plate, placing a second graphene sheet forming a top plate on a top of the plurality of fullerenes, and fusing the plurality of fullerenes to the first graphene sheet forming the bottom plate and the second graphene sheet forming the top plate, wherein the plurality of fullerenes are converted to fullerene-derived carbon columns, and wherein the composite material comprises a tensile strength in an x-axis parallel to the plane of the graphene sheets of at least 20 GPa.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are pristine graphene sheets with columns formed of fullerene nanotubes between the graphene sheets for use as body armor, semiconductor, battery anode, solar panels, heat sinks, structural concrete members, structural steel members, precast concrete structural members, bridges, highways, streets, skyscrapers, sidewalks, foundations, dams, industrial plants, canals, airports, structural composites, aircraft, military equipment, and civil infrastructure.