Abstract: Autonomous merit-based heading alignment and initialization methods for inertial navigation systems that update heading alignment in parallel with a heading estimation process. In some embodiments, such methods calculate figures of merit (FOMs) for multiple heading observations and estimate heading based on the calculate FOMs. In some embodiments, sensor data are genericized and published to a generic network, and multiple heading channels listen to the generic network for the published sensor data to make the heading estimation process sensor-agnostic. Such methods can be performed by software and/or incorporated into hardware and/or software based autonomous merit-based inertial navigation systems, which in turn can be deployed in vehicles to effect autonomous navigation solutions.