Abstract: The procedure includes observation of each grain by optic-electronic devices and consists of an initial stage during which several values, representing color signals, are extracted and read and are then processed by a computer to reduce all the signals to two numbers only, defining a pair of coordinates on a plane where the colorimetric characteristics of the grains are represented, and of a second stage in which each grain is automatically classified within an electronic grid, related to the above plane, wherein an operator has already assigned the squares for classes of unacceptable grains. The machine includes an analog-to-digital converter able to convert the analog signals received from the observation devices into binary form, two adapter circuits, a computer and a memory for controlling, sampling and analog-numerical conversion of the color signals, also for storing all samples obtained, as well as for executing the above first and second stages of the procedure.

Abstract: A sorting machine is disclosed for sorting objects by examining light from the objects in at least two different parts of the spectrum. The objects to be sorted are fed to a viewing zone where they are illuminated in at least two different parts of the spectrum. The objects passing through the viewing zone are viewed against at least one background which is illuminated by at least first and second lighting units which are separate from the lighting employed to illuminate the viewing zone, the first and second lighting units being respectively arranged to cause the respective background to emit light in the at least two different parts of the spectrum. A discriminator is employed for determining whether objects which have been so viewed are desired, and there is an object separator controlled by the discriminator, for effecting relative separation between desired and undesired objects.

Abstract: A method of controlling the cutting of an object comprising pressurizing a fluid; forming from said pressurized fluid a fluid jet adapted to cut the object; directing the said object-cutting jet towards the object and, when it is not desired to cut the object, preventing the object-cutting jet from reaching the object while maintaining the pressurization of the fluid.

Abstract: A method of sorting comprising viewing objects to be sorted to determine whether any of them, at least in part, reflects, transmits or emits light in a predetermined part or parts of the spectrum to an undesired extent or in an undesired ratio, the objects being viewed while passing across a background which is also viewed and whose reflectance, transmission or emission of light in the said part or parts of the spectrum has a predetermined relationship with that of the average of the objects, effecting relative separation between any undesired objects which have been viewed and the remaining objects, periodically effecting an examination as to whether the said predetermined relationship exists and, if it does not, effecting an adjustment of the reflectance, transmission or emission of light by the background and/or adjusting the incident radiation onto the objects in the said part or parts of the spectrum so as to tend to restore the said predetermined relationship.

Abstract: Inspection apparatus comprising a transparent or translucent tubular member having at least a frusto-conical portion, illuminating elements disposed externally of the tubular member for producing an illuminated zone within the frusto-conical portion, and a viewing arrangement disposed externally of the tubular member and arranged to view objects passing through the illuminated zone in the frusto-conical portion so as to respond to the value of a property of said objects, the tubular member reflecting substantially no light from the illuminated zone onto the viewing arrangement.

Abstract: A sorting machine has a member a part of which has a translucent viewing area. Material to be sorted is passed adjacent to but spaced from a surface on the translucent viewing area. Light passing through the translucent viewing area is viewed and in dependence on such viewing, an ejector separates. desired and undesired material. A film of washing liquid is directed over the surface of the translucent viewing area, the film then passing to a liquid removal zone which is located on another surface of the member. The liquid removal zone is disposed in a position in which the ejector does not cause the material to be wetted by the liquid.

Abstract: A process for splitting the shells of pistachio nuts comprising soaking closed-shell pistachio nuts in an aqueous liquid, subjecting the wet-shelled nuts to mechanical pressure to compress them, releasing the said pressure, and substantially immediately subjecting the nuts having the mechanically compressed shells to an elevated temperature to effect splitting of at least the majority of the shells.

Abstract: A light splitter device adapted for use in a light-sensitive sorting machine comprising a multiplicity of optical fibers adjacent ends of which extend from a common surface, the opposite ends of the fibers being disposed in a plurality of separate groups of fibers which are respectively adapted to illuminate different light sensors, the fibers of each group respectively extending from regions distributed substantially uniformly throughout the said common surface.

Abstract: A sorting machine comprising a vertically inclined feed bed, a feeder for feeding objects to be sorted to an upper portion of said feed bed, the feed bed being adapted to be supplied with a fluid which fluidizes the objects thereon so that the latter flow to a lower portion of the feed bed, and a sorting arrangement which is arranged to receive the objects from the said lower portion and to separate them into groups of desired and undesired objects respectively.