Abstract: Provided is a long arm supported in a cantilever manner with light weight and high rigidity. The rod 30 is formed from rods 31-33 so as to be a multi-stage telescopic configuration. The rods 32, 33 respectively have upright columns 42, 43 on the tips. The wire 11 is suspended between the tip of the rod 31 and the lead end of the arm via the top of the column 42. The wire 12 is suspended between the base of the column 42 and the lead end of the arm via the top of the column 42. The wire 22 is suspended between the top of the column 42 and the lead end of the arm via the top of the column 43. The tension generation means 50 pulls the wires 10, 20. The air pressure generation means 60 applies pressure to the inside of the rod 30.

Abstract: An input of an optical interferometer is a periodical optical pulse. A phase of a first half and a latter half of a reference pulse is a 90 degree (independently orthogonal) phase difference. Two interferometric outputs i1 and i2, where the phase difference is 90 degrees from each other, are obtained by interference of the reference pulse and the signal pulse. ? is calculated by referring the amplitude of reference pulse and the signal pulse to remove the light intensity fluctuations. Two values of cos ?1 and cos ?2 are calculated and positions are determined on the cosine curve by obtaining ?1 and ?2 values. ??1 and ??2, which are the phase increment or decrement of both ?1 and ?2 in a T period, are summed and becomes the sensor output signal that removes the measurement range limitation of ±90 degrees (a half wavelength of light) of the light phase.

Abstract: An input of an optical interferometer is a periodical optical pulse. A phase of a first half and a latter half of a reference pulse is a 90 degree (independently orthogonal) phase difference. Two interferometric outputs i1 and i2, where the phase difference is 90 degrees from each other, are obtained by interference of the reference pulse and the signal pulse. ? is calculated by referring the amplitude of reference pulse and the signal pulse to remove the light intensity fluctuations. Two values of cos ?1 and cos ?2 are calculated and positions are determined on the cosine curve by obtaining ?1 and ?2 values. ??1 and ??2, which are the phase increment or decrement of both ?1 and ?2 in a T period, are summed and becomes the sensor output signal that removes the measurement range limitation of ±90 degrees (a half wavelength of light) of the light phase.

Abstract: Prior art movable types of artificial walls are incapable of offering attractive climbing on irregular wall surfaces, and in the case of a prior art artificial wall having an irregular shape formed on its wall surface, it is difficult to immediately change the irregular shape, and in addition, it is impossible to change the irregular shape while an athletic competition is in progress. A movable artificial wall according to the present invention includes multiple plates each made of a plate of polygonal shape and connected to one another by connection means each of which provides pivotal connection between the sides of the multiple plates, and is characterized in that the whole of each of at least two sides of one of the multiple plates is connected to the whole of one side of another of the multiple plates and the multiple plates are connected to one another so that the multiple plates are closely adjacently arranged about at least one vertex of at least one of the multiple plates.