Abstract: A solar module having at least two substring groups, each including an upper substring having solar cells connected in series and arranged in a matrix having two adjacent columns and a plurality of rows, and a lower substring having solar cells connected in series and arranged in a matrix having two adjacent columns and a plurality of rows. The lower and upper substrings include the same number of solar cells. A cross-connector interconnects the lower and upper substrings electrically in parallel forming the substring group. A bypass diode is arranged electrically in the cross-connector, and cross-connectors of each substring group are interconnected electrically in series. Two columns of the lower substring include a different number of solar cells and two columns of the upper substring include a different number of solar cells, such that the number of solar cells of the upper substring and of the lower substring is odd.

Abstract: A stop element for at least one solar module holder, which can be fastened to a substructure by means of fastening means. The stop element comprises: two opposite stop portions and at least one connecting element that connects the two opposite stop portions. One of the two stop portions is coupled to the at least one solar module holder, and the other of the two stop portions is coupled to the fastening means or to a further solar module holder in order to generate a torque on the solar module holder caused by a load.

Abstract: A mounting system for mounting a photovoltaic module onto at least one mounting rail. The mounting system comprises a frame for the photovoltaic module with at least one opening or protrusion at a lateral side or a bottom side of the frame, the bottom side being opposite to light incidence side of the photovoltaic module. The mounting system further comprises a plurality of mounting elements, each comprising a first portion and a second portion for securing the frame to the at least one mounting rail, the first portion defining a hook-like engagement portion to hook into the opening or the protrusion or the bottom side of the frame to provide an interlocking connection, the second portion enabling a secure fixation to the at least one mounting rail.

Abstract: A junction box for an electrical connection of a photovoltaic module, comprising a plug-in module and a housing module. The plug-in module comprises a plug element and a connection element, wherein the plug element enables a plug-in connection with an external electrical connection line, and the connection element provides a connection option for an internal electrical supply line into the photovoltaic module. The housing module can be connected to, and detached from, the plug-in module and can also be attached to the photovoltaic module in order to offer protection of a connection area of the photovoltaic module against outer influences.

Abstract: An in-line wet bench device for the wet-chemical treatment of semiconductor wafers, comprising a plurality of conveying rollers, each of which is rotatable about an axis of rotation, for the in-line transport of semiconductor wafers along a conveying direction, wherein the axes of rotation are arranged parallel to one another and perpendicular to the conveying direction, the conveying rollers having a cylindrical conveying section which extends axially along the respective axis of rotation and forms a conveying surface in the shape of a cylindrical sleeve. The conveying surface has at least one smooth region with surface roughnesses of less than 10 ?m when viewed in the axial direction and rough regions with surface roughnesses of more than 100 ?m axially adjacent to the smooth region.

Abstract: The invention relates to a cover element, in particular a lid, for a junction box of a solar module, wherein the cover element forms upper and undersides that are mirror-symmetrical in terms of its geometrical form, and wherein at least one first marking is applied to the upper side and/or at least one first marking is formed via the upper side in the form of an indentation and/or elevation, and at least one second marking is applied to the underside and/or at least one second marking is formed via the underside in the form of an indentation and/or elevation, wherein the at least one first marking is not identical to the at least one second marking and/or the cover element comprises a rotational joint or a part of a rotational joint and/or is/can be operatively connected to a rotational joint, such that the lid is/can be mounted so that it can be horizontally rotated about the rotational axis of the rotational joint.

Abstract: A solar cell comprising: a semiconductor substrate; a metallization paste on a surface of the semiconductor substrate; and a tunneling layer between the substrate surface and the metallization paste.

Abstract: A solar module having a solar module laminate and a rectangular solar module frame which supports the solar module laminate and is assembled by frame profiles which are respectively connected to each other by pairs to a corner connection, wherein at least one of the corner connections is formed by connection of a first frame profile of the frame profiles to an adjacent second frame profile of the frame profiles by a flap. Further, the invention relates to a solar module frame designed to support a solar module laminate and assembled by frame profiles which are respectively connected to each other by pairs to a corner connection, wherein at least one of the corner connections is formed by connection of a first frame profile of the frame profiles to an adjacent second frame profile of the frame profiles by means of a flap.

Abstract: Printheads may be utilized to produce at least one gridline on an upper surface of a target substrate, in particular for producing a pattern for a solar cell structure, wherein the printheads may enable a printing in the forward and an opposite backward direction at the same time to, for example, increase the relative speed the printing procedure and to improve the screen or stencil printing process.

Abstract: The invention relates to a solar module and a method for manufacturing a solar module, wherein the solar module comprises at least one solar cell; at least two connection elements (3) for establishing an electrical connection to the at least one solar cell; a bypass component (4) which is connected with the connection elements (3) and a connection box (2), in which the bypass component (4) is provided, wherein the connection box (2) comprises a potting material (6) which covers at least partially the bypass component (4). According to the invention the connection box (2) comprises at least one connection area (7, 7a, 7b) which is free of potting material (6), wherein a bypass component (40) and/or another electronic component is connectable with the connection elements (3) using the connection area (7, 7a, 7b). The invention also relates to a method for repairing and/or retrofitting a solar module.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a solar module (1) comprising at least two solar cells (3, 5), wherein each of the solar cells (3, 5) comprises an upper end (21), a lower end (23) which is situated opposite the upper end (21), two opposite side ends (25, 27) and at least one busbar (11, 13) which extends from the first side end (25) to the opposite second side end (27) of the solar cell (3, 5), wherein at least one finger (7, 9) of the solar cell (3, 5) makes electrical contact with the busbar (11, 13), wherein at least one first busbar (11) of at least one first solar cell (3) is arranged at a first side end (25), which is situated opposite a second side end (27) of at least one second solar cell (5) which is arranged or can be arranged next to the first solar cell, at a first distance from the upper end (21) of the at least one first solar cell (3), and at least one second busbar (13) of the at least one second solar cell (5) is arranged at the second side end (27) at a second distance from the upper end (

Abstract: A solar module with a front side surface and a rear side surface, has a front side encapsulation element which forms the front side surface of the solar module, a multiplicity of solar cells which are connected electrically to one another, a rear side encapsulation element which forms the rear side surface of the solar module with a rear side surface plane and has a polymer plastic film, and at least one plug-in device connecting to a complementary structure. The plug-in device is at least partially laminated into the rear side encapsulation element, in the region of an overlapping section, wherein the rear site encapsulation element has an opening and the plug-in device is arranged at least partially in the opening. The plug-in device projects beyond the rear side surface plane of the solar module by a maximum of 15 mm.

Abstract: A solar cell includes a semiconductor wafer, at least one dielectric layer arranged on the semiconductor wafer, a metal layer arranged on the dielectric layer, and a contact structure arranged in the dielectric layer such that the contact structure provides an electrical connection between the metal layer and the semiconductor wafer. The contact structure has at least one first structure having a minimum dimension and at least one second structure having a maximum dimension, wherein the minimum dimension and the maximum dimension are defined along a surface of the semiconductor wafer and the minimum dimension of the first structure is greater than the maximum dimension of the second structure.

Abstract: A solar cell includes a semiconductor wafer, at least one dielectric layer arranged on the semiconductor wafer, a metal layer arranged on the dielectric layer, and a contact structure arranged in the dielectric layer such that the contact structure provides an electrical connection between the metal layer and the semiconductor wafer. The contact structure has at least one first structure having a minimum dimension and at least one second structure having a maximum dimension, wherein the minimum dimension and the maximum dimension are defined along a surface of the semiconductor wafer and the minimum dimension of the first structure is greater than the maximum dimension of the second structure.

Abstract: A process for producing a semiconductor device comprises the following process steps: provision of a semiconductor substrate (1); formation of a functional layer (2) on a semiconductor surface (11) of the semiconductor substrate (1); and production of at least one doped section (3) on the semiconductor surface (11) by driving a dopant into the semiconductor substrate (1) from the functional layer (2). The functional layer (2) is formed in such a way that it passivates the semiconductor surface (11), acting as a passivation layer upon completion of the semiconductor device.

Abstract: The invention relates to a solar-cell marking method comprising the steps of: providing a substrate with a substrate surface for producing a solar cell (1) that comprises an active zone (5); and producing at least one indentation (21, 31) in the substrate surface with the use of laser irradiation, wherein the at least one indentation (21, 31) forms a marking (2, 3) for marking the solar cell (1), and producing the indentation (21, 31) is carried out prior to carrying out a solar-cell manufacturing process or during carrying out a solar-cell manufacturing process. According to the invention the substrate is designed as a semiconductor wafer with a wafer surface, and the marking (2, 3) is positioned on the wafer surface such that the marking (2, 3) is in the active zone (5) of the solar cell (1) formed by the semiconductor wafer.